WBBSE Solutions For Class 8 English Functional Grammar Chapter 15 Conjunctions

WBBSE Chapter 15 Conjunctions

উপরের sentence-গুলিতে মোটা word-গুলি দুইটি আলাদা sentence-কে অথবা দুইটি ভিন্ন word-কে যুক্ত করেছে বলে এদের Conjunction বলা হয়।, নীচে কিছু Conjunction-এর ব্যবহার লক্ষ্য করো :

Conjunctions Joining

1. Word to word:
   • Noun to Noun:
     • Is that a tiger or a lion?
     • Rathin and Papia will not come here. You and he are both young.
   • Pronoun to Pronoun: You and he are both young.
   • Verb to Verb: The child sit down young.
   • Adv. to Adv.: Slowly and steadily the tortoise won the race.
   • Adj. to Adj.: He is slow but steady.
2. Sentence to sentence:

Note:

1. Unless ও until এই দুইটি Conjunction-ই Negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।
2. Until— তক্ষণ পর্যন্ত না । Unless — যদি না।

সুতরাং “হ্যাঁ” অর্থ বোঝাতে এদের সাথে not বসবে না।

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

1. Wait here until I come—আমার আসা পর্যন্ত এখানে অপেক্ষা করো। (until I do not come হবে না।)
2. Unless you work hard you will fail—কঠোর পরিশ্রম না করলে তুমি অসফল হবে। (Unless you do not work hard হবে না; তবে If you do not work hard ব্যবহার হতে পারে।)
3. He worked until I came – আমি আসা পর্যন্ত সে কাজ করেছিল।
4. I shall be ruined unless you help me — যদি তুমি আমায় সাহায্য না করো আমার সর্বনাশ হবে।

If, Unless-এর ব্যবহার

উপরে বলা হয়েছে যে unless শব্দটি একটি Conjunction এবং এটা Negative অর্থ বহন করে।

Unless— যদি না

সুতরাং “হ্যাঁ” অর্থ বোঝাতে এর সাথে not বসবে না।

1. Unless you work hard, you will fail – কঠোর পরিশ্রম না করলে তুমি অসফল হবে।
2. Unless you come in time you will miss the train — সময়মত না আসলে তুমি ট্রেনটি ধরতে পারবে না।

এখানে ‘unless you do not work এবং ‘unless you do not come’ হবে না।

“If” ব্যবহার করেও উপরের sentence-গুলি লেখা যায়। কিন্তু সেক্ষেত্রে not ব্যবহার করতে হবে যথা :

1. If you do not work hard, you will fail.
2. If you do not come in time, you will miss the train.

এইরূপ, নীচের Sentence গুলি লক্ষ্য করো :

1. If you do not feel hungry, you should not eat. Or, Unless you feel hungry, ‘you should not eat.
2. If the drains are not cleaned properly, mosquitoes will grow. Or, Unless the drains are cleaned properly, mosquitoes will grow.

Sentence-লि “” দ্বারা কীভাবে যৌগ করা হয়েছে দেখেঃ

1. Do you feel unwell? Consult a doctor.
   • If you feel unwell, consult a doctor.
2.  You want to save the patient. You should take him to the hospital.
   • If you want to save the patient, you should take him to hospital.

Conjunctions দ্বারা কীভাবে দুইটি sentence-কে যোগ করা যায়, তার আরও কিছু উদাহরণ নীচে দেওয়া হল।

1. And দ্বারা ঃ

• I shall go to school. I shall meet the teacher.
• I shall go to school and meet the teacher.
• He likes mangoes. He likes oranges.
• He likes mangoes and oranges.
• Sita is singing. Roma is dancing.
• Sita is singing and Roma is dancing.

2. But:

• Pranab goes to school. His brother stays at home.
• Pranab goes to school but his brother stays at home.
• Ice is cold. The fire is hot.
• Ice is cold but fire is hot.
• He is poor. He is honest.
• He is poor but honest.
• He worked hard. He failed.
• He worked hard but he failed.

3. If, or else, otherwise, unless it?

• Mind your steps. You will fall down.
• Mind your steps, or you will fall down.
• Mind your steps, otherwise, you will fall down.
• Mind your steps, or else you will fall down.
• Unless you mind your steps, you will fall down.
• If you do not mind your steps, you will fall down.

4. So, as, therefore, because, since, for:

• He was ill. He could not come.
• He was ill, so he could not come.
• As he was ill, he could not come.
• He was ill, therefore he could not come.
• He could not come because he was ill.
• Since he was ill, he could not come.
• He could not come, for he was ill.

5. Though, although, still

• He worked hard. He failed.
• He worked hard, still, he failed.
• Though he worked hard, he failed.
• Or, He failed, though he worked hard.
• Although he worked hard, he failed.

Either-or, Neither-nor

Neither-nor( কোনোটাই নয় )

Neither coffee nor tea, thank you.

Either-or—দুটোর মধ্যে যে-কোনো একটা

Either milk or tea please.

Or follows either.

Nor follows neither.

দুই জনের মধ্যে যে-কোনো একজন অর্থে either-or, এবং কেউ না অর্থে neither-nor ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• Either Mohan or Sunil will go there —— হয় মোহন কিংবা সুনীল সেখানে যাবে।
• Neither he nor his sister can do this—সে কিংবা তার বোন কেউই এটা করতে পারে না।
• Either Roma or her sister is responsible for this—হয় রমা কিংবা তার বোন এর জন্য দায়ী।
• Neither Jayanta nor Bibhas was present there—জয়ন্ত কিংবা বিভাস কেউই ওখানে উপস্থিতছিল না।

Either or এবং Neither nor ব্যবহার করতে লক্ষ্য রেখো, তাদের উভয় অংশের পরই একই জাতীয় Part of speech বসবে। নীচের Sentence গুলি দেখো :

Incorrect: I shall say this either to him or his brother

Correct:

• I shall say this either to him or to his brother.
• I shall say this to either him or his brother.

Incorrect: He may either go to the cinema or to the theatre.

Correct:

• He may go either to the cinema or to the theatre.
• He may go to either the cinema or the theatre.

Incorrect: He neither gave me the book nor its price.

Correct:

• He gave me neither the book nor its price.
• He neither gave me the book nor paid its price.

প্রথম বাক্যে either-এর পরে যদি to এই Preposition থাকে তবে or-এর পরেও to এই Preposition দিতে হবে। অথবা to কথাটিকে either-এর পূর্বে বসিয়ে either ও anaর পরে একই জাতীয় Part of Speech (Pronoun ও Noun) বসাতে হবে।

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে either-এর পরে go (verb) এবং or-এর পরে to (prep.) বসেছে। এটা ভুল। Either-এর পরে to (prep.) বসাতে হবে। নতুবা to wordটিকে either-এর পূর্বে বসিয়ে either ও or-এর পরে একই জাতীয় Part of Speech the cinema (Noun) ও the theatre (Noun) বসাতে হবে।

তৃতীয় বাক্যে neither-এর পরে যদি gave এই ‘Verb’ টি রাখো, তবে nor-এর পরেও একটি verb দিতে হবে, অথবা gave কথাটিকে neither-এর পূর্বে সরিয়ে neither ও nor-এর পরে book ও price-এই দুটি Noun বসাবে।

WBBSE Chapter 15 Conjunctions Excercise

Question 1. Combine the two sentences into a single one with the following Conjunctions in as many ways as you can. One is done for you. (as, so, therefore, and, because, but, unless, if, until, though.)

I am ill: I cannot play.

Answer:

As I am ill, I cannot play.

I am ill, so I cannot play.

Amal will go there. Subir will go there. He works hard. His brother is idle.

You will fail.

You should work hard.

I shall return.

Wait here.

He tried hard.

He failed.

I shall help him.

He is my friend.

He ran fast.

He could not reach it in time.

You tell me the truth.

I shall punish you.

Question 2. Join the sentences with:
Answer:

1. Neither-nor

I could not do it; You could not do it.

I do not want you; I do not want your brother.

He did not go there; his sister did not go there.

I have not seen him; I have not heard from him.

Answer:

Neither I nor you could do it.

She cannot sing; she cannot paint.

He will not help me; he will not help you.

He will not give me the book; he will not pay its price.

2. Either-or

It must be done by Rana; it must be done by his brother.

Answer:

It must be done either by Rana or by his brother.

Give me a red pen; give me a blue pen.

The boys will play football; the boys will play cricket.

You can buy a radio; you can buy a TV.

You must come; your brother must come.