WBBSE Class 9 History: Short Answer Questions on Europe’s 19th-Century Conflicts

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Short Answer Questions

Question 1. What do you understand by the term, nationalism?
Answer:

Nationalism

The term nationalism refers to a feeling of unity among a large number of people who inhabit a particular region and share a common social, political, linguistic, cultural, and religious background.

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Short Answer Questions

The idea of one nation, one state’ that emerged after the French Revolution and the downfall of Napoleon led to the growth of new states in Europe and the nationalist feeling gained more strength in the nations like France and Great Britain. The 19,h Century also saw the rise of nationalism in the countries like Italy, Germany, Spain, Poland, etc.

Question 2. What do you understand by the term nation-state?
Answer:

Nation-state

The word Nation means a tribe or a race in Latin. A nation-state has the following characteristics -A specific group of population and a geographical boundary. Ideally, it speaks of a sovereign state where the inhabitants share certain common heritages (language, culture, etc) and inhabit a particular geographical location. Europe witnessed the rise of nation-states in the 15,h, and 16th centuries which was fundamentally different from the nation-states that emerged in the 19th Century.

Question 3. State any two reasons that led to the development of nation-states in Europe.
Answer:

The two factors that led to the development of nation-states In Europe were —

1. The royal powers or the strong and powerful monarchs were no longer opposed by the Christian Church and instead, they became the defenders of royal powers, thus providing the scope for the growth of nation-states.
2. Another important factor was the increasing economic support of the rich middle-class people to the kings which not only made the monarchs powerful, it also aided in the growth of nation-states.

Question 4. What were the two contradictory trends that marked the history of Europe in the Century?
Answer:

The two contradictory trends that marked the history of Europe in the Century

The French Revolution and the downfall of Napoleon led to the growth of two contradictory trends in the history of Europe in the 19th Century. On one hand, there were conservative thoughts and ideas which were opposed to all changes and advocated for monarchy, feudalism, and supremacy of the church. The other group was highly influenced by the ideologies of the French Revolution and championed the lofty ideas of liberalism, democracy, and nationalism.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 5. How was monarchy restored in Europe in the first half of the 19th Century?
Answer:

The conservative diplomats who met at the Vienna Congress of 1815 were ardent supporters of monarchical rule and yearned to bring back the pre-revolutionary condition in Europe. Keeping in mind this concept, these conservative diplomats applied the Principle of Legitimacy and restored the kings and dynasties who ruled the countries before the revolution in France. (eg Bourbon dynasty in France ) Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor who presided over the Vienna Congress, successfully built up a “police system ” to preserve the supremacy of the monarchy and stall the spread of the ideas of liberalism and nationalism.

Question 6. When did the Vienna Conference take place and who were the representatives at this Conference?
Answer:

The Vienna Congress was held between September 1814 to June 1815. The important representatives were Prince Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor, Prince Hardenberg and Frederick William III from Prussia, Prince Talleyrand of France, Emperor Francis I of Austria, Prime Minister Castlereagh and Arthur Wellesley from Great Britain and Czar Alexander I and Count Nesselrode of Russia.

Europe In The 19th Century Class 9 Questions And Answers

Question 7. Who were the “Big Four “and what were the three basic principles of the Vienna Conference?
Answer:

All the important representatives of the European countries except the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey attended the Vienna Conference. But the four countries namely, Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and Russia who were pivotal in bringing about the downfall of Napoleon had a dominant presence at the conference and were referred to as the “Big Four.”

The three basic principles of the Vienna Conference were

1. The Principle of Legitimacy
2. The Principle of Compensation and
3. The Principle of Balance of Power.

Question 8. What were the main objectives of the Principle of Legitimacy?
Answer:

The main objectives of the Principle of Legitimacy

The Principle of Legitimacy was one of the three basic principles adopted at the Vienna Conference (1815). This principle was not related to the common people, it applied to those monarchs and monarchies who had suffered due to Napoleon and the French Revolution. Thus it was directed to bring back the pre-revolutionary era in Europe as much as possible leading to the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in France, the Orange dynasty in Holland, the Savoy dynasty in Sardinia and Piedmont, etc.

Question 9. What were the main objectives of The Principle of Compensation?
Answer:

The main objectives of The Principle of Compensation

The Principle of Compensation was one of the three basic principles adopted at the Vienna Conference (1815) The primary aim was to compensate for the great losses faced by those European countries in the wars with Napoleon but in reality however it was the Big Four who reaped the maximum benefit. As a result, Austria acquired Lombardy, Venetia, Tyrol, the Illyrian provinces, etc, Prussia received Northern Saxony, Posen, Danzig, etc, Russia got Finland and large parts of Poland and England got hold of several military and trade centers outside Europe.

Question 10. What were the objectives of the Principle of Balance of Power?
Answer:

The objectives of the Principle of Balance of Power

The Principle of Balance of Power was one of the basic principles adopted at the Vienna conference (1815). The main attempt of the principle was to ensure a condition of peace in Europe and maintain a balance so that no country especially France could pose a threat. To obtain this status of peace permanently the powers of Holland, Saxony. Bavaria and Prussia were increased and all measures to keep France under check were undertaken.

Question 11. Where was the first international conference of the world held?
Answer:

The first international conference of the world held

After the downfall of Napoleon and after his exile, the European powers except the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey convened a meeting at Vienna the capital of Austria, in 1815. This convention which was organized to achieve the reconstruction of the European kingdoms and redefine the boundaries and consequences of the Napoleonic wars was the first international conference of Europe as well as the whole world. This convention is regarded as the famous Vienna Conference of 1815.

Question 12. State the significance of the Vienna Congress of 1815.
Answer:

The significance of the Vienna Congress of 1815

The primary significance of the Vienna Congress of 1815 lay in its nature which was not at all vindictive and which succeeded in achieving a period of peace for forty years in Europe. According to Historian, David Thomson this Congress made “a reasonable and statesmanlike arrangement” and according to some the Vienna Congress provided the basis upon which the League of Nations and the UNO were built in the future. The period of peace was utilized by the people of Europe to develop their knowledge and scientific advancements.

Short answer questions for WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3

Question 13. What were the main weaknesses of the Vienna Congress of 1815?
Answer:

The main weaknesses of the Vienna Congress of 1815

The primary weakness of the Vienna Congress of 1815 was that it completely ignored the aspirations or trends of the contemporary people who were largely influenced by the lofty ideals of the French Revolution, namely, liberalism, nationalism, and democracy.

In the second place, the leaders of this Congress, the Big Four misused the Principle of Legitimacy to meet their self-interests and, as a result, Belgi um was forced to join Holland and instead of re-establishing the German kingdoms a bund comprising of 39 kingdoms was placed under Austria. The people of the countries like Italy and Germany were divided arbitrarily to meet the principles of the Vienna Congress which ultimately attributed to the cause of its failure.

Question 14. What was known as the Metternich System?
Answer:

Metternich System

Prince Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria was a firm believer in conservatism, opposed to any kind of progress, and outrightly rejected the concepts of democracy and nationalism. He followed an oppressive system called the ” Metternich System” to maintain a position of status -quo in Europe, rejected any forms of reforms, curbed the freedom of speech and press, and imposed restrictions on schools and colleges to restrict the growth of any revolutionary ideas.

He was a believer in the dynastic monarchy and divine right theory of kingship, feudal concepts, and the supremacy of the Catholic Church and tried to give form to these ideals through the ” Metternich System”.

Question 15. What were the internal and external policies undertaken by Metternich?
Answer:

The internal and external policies undertaken by Metternich

Prince Metternich successfully implemented certain internal and external policies in Austria and Germany-

1. He curbed the freedom of the press and imposed severe restrictions upon schools and colleges.
2. History, Social Science, Political Science, and Ethics were no longer allowed to study in the colleges.
3. He followed the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ to drive the people against each other in Austria and suppress the growth of nationalism.
4. All political meetings and rallies were banned.
   
5. Finally, all foreign books, and magazines as well as foreigners were banned by him.

Question 16. Why was the Vienna Congress summoned?
Answer:

The Vienna Congress was summoned in 1815 to reconstitute Europe which suffered heavily due to the Napoleonic wars based on truth, justice, and the establishment of peace. The Congress aimed to bring back the pre-revolutionary era in Europe through the application of the Principle of Legitimacy, to compensate for the losses suffered by many states of Europe through applying the Principle of Compensation. Finally, to maintain peace it was necessary to keep a check on all the powers in Europe especially France, so the Principle of Balance of Power was undertaken.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 17. What was the Holy Alliance Treaty of 1815?
Answer:

The Holy Alliance Treaty was signed in Paris, on 26th September 1815 at the initiative of Czar Alexander I. This was a coalition that aimed at linking the monarchist powers like Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

The main idea of this treaty was

1. There-establishing of the hereditary rule and suppression of any kind of democratic or nationalist movements,
2. To accept the supremacy of the Christian Church by the states and to frame their internal and external policies accordingly
3. To promote the ideas of truth and justice, brotherhood, and taking good care of the subjects
4. To prevent any possibility of such challenges as revolution and revolutionary wars.

Fundamentals Of History Class 9 Chapter 3 Explanation

Question 18. What do you know about the Troppau Protocol (1820)?
Answer:

The Troppau Protocol (1820)

The Troppau Protocol (1820), was implemented by Prince Metternich at the meeting of the Holy Alliance powers at Troppau in Silesia. It was a declaration that intended to take action against any revolutionary actions and ideals occurring at any place and the subsequent implementation of the policy of status -quo.

Question 19. What were the conferences held by the Concert of Europe?
Answer:

To implement the decisions taken in the Vienna Congress (1815), the Concert of Europe was formed which organized conferences at various cities of Europe.

The conferences were –

1. The Congress of Aix- la-Chapelle 1818
2. The Congress of Troppau 1820
3. The Congress of Laibach 1821
4. The Congress of Verona 1822
5. The Congress of St.Petersburg 1825.

Hence, the period between 1815-1825 is called the ‘Age of Conferences’ in the history of Europe. It was through these conferences of the concert that the idea of the Metternich 5ystem was tried to spread all over the European continent.

Question 20. What do you know about the Carlsbad Decrees?
Answer:

Carlsbad Decrees

In 1819 a series of reactionary measures were adopted by Metternich in Germany to impose severe restrictions on political parties, on the freedom of the press, and student organizations.

A federal commission was also appointed to investigate the activities of the students and the professors, strict control of the government was established upon the universities and both the liberal students and professors were imprisoned. All these reactionary measures were made through the infamous Carlsbad Decrees.

Question 21. What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?
Answer:

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

The Monroe Doctrine (1823) was a policy of the United States adopted by President James Monroe that resisted European colonialism in America. Monroe made it very clear that the Old World and the New World were different and they must retain that distinction for that, he put forward four basic points –

1. The United States would not come in the way of any internal policies or wars between the European powers.
2. The United States recognized and would not interfere with the colonies and dependencies that were already there in the Western Hemisphere.e
3. There was no hope for colonization of the Western Hemisphere in the future
4. Any attempt on the part of Europe to control or oppress any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be treated as a hostile act against the United States.

Question 22. Who was the king of France during the July Revolution? Who was his Prime Minister?
Answer:

The July Revolution of France took place in 1830. Charles X of the Bourbon Dynasty ruled France during the July Revolution. Poligna c, a reactionary person was the Prime Minister of Charles X.

Question 23. What was the path followed by Louis XVIII after ascending the throne of France?
Answer:

Following the Principle of Legitimacy, in 1815, Louis XVIII of the Bourbon Dynasty was made the new monarch of France.
He tried to follow the middle path and wanted to establish a compromise between conservatism and liberalism much to the dislike of the French royalists. However, after the murder of his cousin, Duke de Berry, in 1820 Louis XVIII gave up liberalism completely and became a despot.

WBBSE Class 9 History SAQs Chapter 3

Question 24. When and what were the four ordinances issued by Charles X?
Answer:

Charles X, a monarch of the Bourbon Dynasty appointed a reactionary person named Polignac as his Prime Minister in 1830 and on 26th July issued four ordinances.

They were –

1. Abolition of the freedom of the press
2. Dissolving of the Constituent Assembly
3. Curtailing or changing of the electoral system
4. Announcement of a fresh election day based on the electoral rights of a small number of citizens.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 25. Why did the rebel citizens of France claim Louis Philippe of the Orleans Dynasty, as the king of France?
Answer:

Charles X, the autocratic monarch of the Bourbon Dynasty issued four ordinances on July 1830 which led to a great upheaval in the city of Paris under the guidance of the liberal leader, Adolphe Thiers. The students, teachers, laborers, farmers, and common people all rose in rebellion, put up barricades in the streets, and forcibly removed Charles X from his throne. Then the citizens of France proclaimed Louis Philippe of the Orleans Dynasty as the constitutional monarch.

Question 26. What do you understand by the term, “July Monarchy”?
Answer:

July Monarchy

On the 30th of July 1830, the revolutionary citizens of France forcibly dethroned Charles X of the Bourbon Dynasty and proclaimed Louis Philippe as the constitutional monarch of France. As this monarchy was established due to the revolutionary movement that took place in July 1830, it is also known as the ” July Monarchy “.

Question 27. Which period was known as the Age of Metternich and why?
Answer:

The period of about 33 years from 1815 to 1848 was known as the Age of Metternich in Europe. This was due to the overwhelming attempt on the part of the European powers to give in to the conservative ideals of the Chancellor of Austria, Prince Metternich, to maintain the status quo. During this period, Metternich was not only the central figure in the politics of Austria but he was the most influential man in Europe.

Question 28. Why was Louis Philippe known as the ” Citizen ’ King”?
Answer:

The July Revolution of 1830, led to the establishment of a constitutional monarch Louis Philippe of the Orleans Dynasty to the throne of France. This monarchy which was known as the July Monarchy was also known as the ” Bourgeois Monarchy” due to the pre-eminence of the wealthy bourgeoisie. The way Louis Philippe dressed and the manners he followed were similar to the bourgeois and he was known as the “Citizen King “.

Question 29. Who was Louis Blanc?
Answer:

Louis Blanc

Louis Blanc was a socialist leader of France during the February Revolution of 1848. He was in favor of reforms. He was also a politician and historian who wanted to create cooperatives to employ the urban poor.

Question 30. Name the countries of Europe that were influenced by the July Revolution of 1830 in France.
Answer:

The July Revolution of 1830 had left its mark on the other European countries of the time. The Belgians who were unhappy with the Dutch rule rose in rebellion and declared their independence in 1831. Both in Italy and Germany it provided the impetus towards the revolt and in England also the Chartist Movement started. The insurrection was launched by the Poles against Russia and ideas of nationalism and liberalism started developing in countries like Spain and Portugal.

Question 31. What were the reasons behind the July Revolution of 1830 in France?
Answer:

The reasons behind the July Revolution of 1830 in France

Several factors led to the outbreak of the July Revolution of 1830 in France-

1. The autocratic rule of the French monarch of the Bourbon dynasty and his adherence to the pre¬revolutionary system of administration
2. The restoration of the power of the clergy and the aristocracy alienated the wealthy bourgeois of France.
3. The appointment of Polignac, a reactionary as his prime minister also earned him the wrath of the liberals.

Last but not least was the enforcement of the four autocratic ordinances also known as the July ordinances by Charles X provided the immediate cause of the revolt.

Question 32. Why did the people of France oppose the rule of Louis Philippe?
Answer:

Louis Philippe of the Orleans Dynasty who was also referred to as the ” Citizen King ” failed to receive support from any of the parties in France. The Legitimists discarded him on grounds of legality and lack of authority, while his secular policies earned him the antipathy of the Catholic Church.

The Bonapartists who were eager to place Louis Napoleon were bent on removing him and lastly, he could not gain the support of the Republicans for he failed to provide voting rights to most of the French people.

Question 33. What were the causes behind the February Revolution of 1848?
Answer:

The causes behind the February Revolution of 1848

The government of Louis Philippe proved to be extremely unworthy and only added to the miseries of the people thus paving the path for the February Revolution of 1848 in France. During this period France met with a great economic crisis- trade and commerce were hampered due to the failure of crops and natural disasters, and there was an unemployment problem both for the laborers and the peasants.

Further, Louis Philippe failed to gain the support of any of the political parties, the Catholic Church, and when he tried to issue repressive measures to protect his throne, the people rose into rebellion.

Question 34. What was the immediate cause of the February Revolution of 1848 in France?
Answer:

The immediate cause of the February Revolution of 1848 in France

The people of France got agitated with the corrupt rule of Louis Phillipe and their anger was enhanced further when Guizot his Prime Minister issued repressive measures to manipulate the election.

When on 22nd February, the government of Louis Philippe tried to prevent the meeting of the political parties in Paris rebellion became inevitable. ‘ The rebellions protested in front of Guizot’s residence and as a result, the guards opened fire and killed 23 people and about 30 were injured This resulted in an immediate outbreak of the February Revolution of 1848 demanding the removal of Louis Philippe.

Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas In 19th Century Europe

Question 35. Why is 1848 generally known as the year of the revolution?
Answer:

The revolution which had started in Paris in – February 1848 had its impact all over Europe. Protests became evident against tyranny, autocracy, and political and economic anarchy in countries like Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and even to some extent in England. About 15 countries in Europe were inspired to make nationalist movements and it is very apt to call 1848 the year of revolution.

Question 36. When and how was the ” Second French Republic ” established in France?
Answer:

The July Monarchy came to an end with the dethronement of Louis Philippe by the February Revolution of 1848 in France, On 26th February 1848, the Republican and the Socialist leaders together declared France as a ” Republic” In 1792, and the National Convention had declared France as a “Republic ” for the first time and in 1848 it was again declared a “Republic”, so it was known as the ” Second Republic”.

Question 37. What were the factors that contributed to the rise of Italian nationalism?
Answer:

The factors that contributed to the rise of Italian nationalism

Italy, for about 300 years before the French Revolution was divided into small states which were engaged in strikes with each other and it was only in 1796 that Napoleon conquered Italy and gave her the taste of unity. The Italians who were now filled with pride of their ancient glory were struck a blow by the leaders of the Vienna Congress, who by application of the Principle of Legitimacy once again divided the country. Italy which was now divided into eight kingdoms became just a “geographical expression”, thus hurting the nationalist sentiment of their patriots.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 38. What was ” Risorgimento”?
Answer:

Risorgimento

The Vienna Congress which reduced Italy to a mere ” Geographical Expression ” dealt a severe blow to the Italian nationalists. At this time of turmoil, Italian philosophers like Troya, Leopardi, Cantu, etc. imbibed a nationalist feeling and awakened the people against the old conservative and monarchical system. This new feeling of national consciousness to create a free and united Italy was known as ” Risorgimento”.

Question 39. What was ” Carbonari”?
Answer:

Carbonari

“Carbonari” was one of the most significant secret societies that was formed in Italy in the 19th century, influenced by the July Revolution of France. (1830). The chief purpose was to defeat tyranny and to establish a constitutional Government. It carried on terrorism, rebellions, and mass movements in various kingdoms of Central Italy with the view to attain freedom. However, lack of organization, poor leadership, and absence of popular support led to the failure of this secret society.

Question 40. What was “Young Italy”?
Answer:

Young Italy

In July 1831, ” Young Italy ” a patriotic organization was founded by Giuseppe Mazzini. The Italian youths up to the age of forty were allowed to be its members and were entrusted to spread patriotism and nationalism across the villages and cities of Italy. Mazzini had great faith in the strength and ability of the youth, yet his attempt to unify Italy based on national awakening failed.

Question 41. Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
Answer:

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi, the “lion-hearted” patriotic and nationalist leader of Italy contributed greatly towards the unification of Italy. In 1860, when Naples and Sicily revolted, he mobilized around one thousand of his volunteers the “Red Shirts” to win their fight. Though a Republican, he handed over his conquests of Sicily and Naples to King Victor.
Emmanuel 2 to attain the unification of Italy.

Question 42. Who was Count Cavour?
Answer:

Count Camillo

Count Camillo Benso de Cavour {1810 to 1861) the Brain of the Italian unification movement” was a conservative statesman from Piedmont who became the Prime Minister of King Victor Emmanuel II in 1852. Cavour skillfully turned the Italian problem into an international issue, and through appropriate exploitation of international rivalries and revolutionary movements made the unification of Italy possible.

Question 43. What do you know about the “Treaty of Plombieres?
Answer:

Treaty of Plombieres

A secret treaty that was signed between Count Cavour the Prime Minister of Piedmont and the French Emperor Napoleon III in 1858, is known as the “Treaty of Plombieres”. It was agreed in the treaty that in the future Italy and France would ally themselves against the war with Austria and remove Austrian influence from the Italian peninsula. In return, France would be acquiring Savoy and Nice.

Question 44. What was Zollverein?
Answer:

Zollverein

The customs union that was founded by the economist Mazzen, under the leadership of Prussia in 1819 was known as the Zollverein. By the terms of the Zollverein free trade between the German states and uniform tariff on all frontiers became possible. The Zollverein was the significant economic step that provided the foundation stone for the unification of Germany in 1871.

Question 45. Who was Otto von Bismarck?
Answer:

Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck was a shrewd German politician who masterminded the unification of Germany under the Prussian monarchy. He utilized both his economic prowess and the military strength of Prussia or in other words, he used both his ” blood and iron” and “coal and iron” policies to achieve the unification of Germany in 1871. Bismarck served as the first chancellor of Germany until 1890.

Monarchy Vs Nationalism In European History Class 9

Question 46. What was the Ems Telegram?
Answer:

Ems Telegram

In 1870, the Prussian King, William I sent a telegram from the German city of Ems to his minister Bismarck informing his communication with the French ambassador Count Benedetti. Apprehending a possible patch-up between Prussia and France, Bismarck re-scripted the telegram in such a manner that it came as a humiliation to the French by the Prussian Emperor and published it in the newspapers the following day. This incident known as the ” Ems Telegram “, infuriated the French and led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

Question 47. What was the ” Vienna Note”?
Answer:

Vienna Note

The three great European powers Great Britain, France, and Austria supported the Sultan of Turkey and the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. To contain the Russian expansion, these three powers met in Vienna to make a unanimous decision which was known as the ” Vienna Note “. By the terms of the ” Vienna Note “, Russia was given control over the Orthodox Greek Church in Turkey but she was asked to withdraw all other claims on Turkey at the same time.

Question 48. Why was Turkey called “The sick man of Europe “?
Answer:

Turkey which was ruled by the Muslim clerics had become weak in all aspects -social, economic, political, military, and administration and had little value to her European neighbors. Her weakness became very evident when she failed to control both internal rebellions and external attacks. The imperialist forces like Great Britain, Russia, and Prussia also exposed her financial weakness. As a result, she was called ” The sick man of Europe”.

Question 49. What was Philike Hetairia ?
Answer:

Philike Hetairia

A secret society was set up at the Black Sea port of Odesa in 1814 by a Greek merchant, Skoufhas and it was called Philike Hetairia. It was formed to earn the liberation of Greece and expel the Turks from Europe, and to this effect, it set up branches in various parts of Greece. In 1821, a rebellion was led by Philike Hetairia against Turkey in Moldavia and Wallachia.

Question 50. Who was called, “Czar the Liberator “and why?
Answer:

Czar the Liberator

Czar Alexander II of Russia was called, “Czar the Liberator”. In 1861, he signed the ” Edict of Emancipation”, which abolished the age-old system of serfdom in Russia. The ” Edict of Emancipation “, removed the control of the feudal lords upon the serfs and they could now have a free and independent life.