Class 10 Geography and Environment

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Introduction

Geographical Location:

India is located in Northern Hemisphere to the southern part of the continent of Asia.

Latitude

According to latitude, the mainland of India stretches from 8°04′ north latitude(Kanniyakumari or Cape of Comorin) in the south to 37°06′ north latitude (Indira Kol in the northern extremity of Kashmir).

But the southernmost point of the Indian landmass (Indian Union) is Indira Point which was previously known as Persons Pygmalion.

It is, actually, the southernmost point of Car Nicobar where it touches the parallel of 6°45′ north.

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Longitude

In the Eastern Hemisphere, India stretches from 68°07′ east longitude (Ghormota in the western extremity of Gujarat).

In the West to 97°25′ east longitude (Kibitu in the eastern frontier of Arunachal Pradesh) in the east.

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Tropic Of Cancer

23% north latitude passes through the middle of India, thus, dividing India into two parts-North India and South India.

So, South India belongs to the Tropical belt and North India belongs to Sub-tropical and Temperate belt. 80° East longitude divides India into East India and West India.

In general, India stretches for 29° latitudes and 29° longitudes.

Extent Of India

India stretches for nearly 3214 Km in north-south extent while India is extended east-west for nearly 2933 km.

The land boundary of India is nearly 15,200 km and the length of the coastline is (including the mainland, Lakshadweep and Andaman-Nicobar islands) about 7517 km.

Boundaries Of India

India is bordered on the north by China, Nepal and Bhutan; on the west by Pakistan and the Arabian Sea, North-west by Afghanistan; on the east by Myanmar, Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal and on the south by the Indian Ocean.

Contextually, it is to be noted that, to the south of India is Srilanka the island country which is located to the other side of the Palk strait and Gulf of Manner.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Brief History Of Demarcation Of Provinces Of India After Independence

After nearly 200 years of British rule, India became independent on 15th August 1947. Before independence, there were 562 princely states and 9 British Provinces in India.

India was split into two Dominious-India and Pakistan. India became the Sovereign Democratic Republic on January 26, 1950, when it was divided into 20 states which were followed by the newly framed ‘Indian Constitution’.

Those states were classified as

1. Part-1, states under Governor’s rule include West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bombay, Madras, Punjab (9 states),
2. Part-2, states ruled by native states include Hyderabad, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab Union, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Tribancore- Cochin (8 states),
3. Part-3, states ruled by chief commissioners include Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Kurg, Delhi, Manipur, Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh (10 states).
4. Part-4, states under Central rule, include Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1 state). But a demand for linguistic states had been raised since then.

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WBBSE Chapter 5 India State Reorganisation On Linguistic Basis In 1956

The government of India has formed State Reorganisation Commission in December 1953.

Accordingly, State Reorganisation Act was passed on 1st November 1956 and the Government of India reconstructed the states of India into 14 states and 6 Union territories.

States :

1. Andhra Pradesh (Telegu),
2. Assam (Asamia),
3. Orissa (Oria),
4. Uttar Pradesh (Hindi),
5. Kerala (Malayalam),
6. Jammu and Kashmir (Kashmiri),
7. West Bengal (Bengali),
8. Punjab (Punjabi),
9. Bihar (Hindi),
10. Bombay (Marathi and Gujarathi),
11. Madhya Pradesh (Hindi),
12. Mysore (Kanari),
13. Madras (Tamil) and
14. Rajasthan (Rajasthani)

Union Territories:

1. Tripura,
2. Andaman Nicobar Islands,
3. Delhi,
4. Lakshadweep,
5. Manipur and
6. Himachal Pradesh.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India State Reorganisation In Later Period

After 1956, the succeeding state reconstructions other than linguistic basis are as follows:

1. 4 Union territories were formed out of Assam between 1957 and 1972
2. North-eastern Frontier,
3. Nagaland in 1957,
4. Meghalaya in 1970,
5. Mizoram in 1972,
6. In 1960 the state of Bombay was split into two-Maharastra and Gujarat,
7. In 1961 Portuguese colonies, namely Goa, Daman, and Diu were included. Union Territories.
8. In 1963, Nagaland became a state.
9. In 1966, Punjab was split into two states Punjab and Haryana and one Union Territory of Chandigarh.
10. In 1971, Himachal Pradesh got statehood.
11. In 1972, Tripura, Manipur and Meghalaya also achieved statehood.
12. In 1975, Sikkim was included as a state.
13. In 1987, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh got statehood, Goa also became a state.
14. In 1993, Delhi was recognised as National Capital Territory.
15. In 2000, Chhattisgarh was separated from Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal (Uttarakhand) was separated from Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand was separated
16. from Bihar.
17. On 2nd June 2014, Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states-Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. So, Telangana at present is the youngest state in India.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Existing States And Union Territories In India

In India, at present, there are 29 States and 7 Union Territories.

States:

1. West Bengal,
2. Arunachal Pradesh,
3. Madhya Pradesh,
4. Kerala,
5. Odisha,
6. Nagaland,
7. Jammu and Kashmir,
8. Chhattisgarh,
9. Bihar,
10. Sikkim,
11. Gujarat,
12. Assam,
13. Uttarakhand,
14. Uttar Pradesh,
15. Maharastra,
16. Jharkhand
17. Meghalaya,
18. Himachal Pradesh,
19. Goa,
20. Manipur,
21. Telangana,
22. Punjab,
23. Karnataka,
24. Mizoram,
25. Haryana,
26. Andhra Pradesh,
27. Tripura,
28. Rajasthan,
29. Tamilnadu.

Union Territories:

1. Delhi (National Capital Territory),
2. Chandigarh,
3. Puducherry,
4. Dadra and Nagar Haveli,
5. Andaman and Nicobar,
6. Lakshadweep and
7. Daman and Diu.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Solutions

WBBSE Chapter 5 India’s Physical Environment

India, our motherland, occupies a strategic position in Asia in respect of diversified relief, climate, soil, natural vegetation, minerals etc.

Physiographic Divisions Of India:

Physiographically, India can be divided into five regions

1. The Northern Mountainous Region,
2. The Great Northern Plains,
3. The Peninsular Plateau,
4. The Coastal Plains and
5. The Islands.

The Northern Mountainous Region :

the Northern Mountainous Region consists of

1. The Himalayas,
2. The Ladakh and
3. The Karakoram Range and
4. North-eastern Mountain or Purbachal.

The Himalayas

Originating from the Pamir Knot, the Himalayas stretches in a crescent shape to the extreme north of India.

It stretches for nearly 2500 km with a width of 150 km to 400 km from Nanga Parbat (8126 m) in Kashmir in the west to Namcha Barwa (7755m) in Arunachal Pradesh in the east.

The Ladakh Range

To the north of the Himalayas stands the Ladakh range stretching for about 350 km. with many peaks above 6000 m.

To the northeast of it lies the Ladakh plateau which is the highest (above 4000 m) and cold plateau of India and originated from the Tethys Sea.

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Karakoram Range

Further north of the Ladakh range stands the Karakoram range. It stretches for nearly 400 km with many peaks above 8000 m.

Godwin Austen or K2 (8611m), the highest peak of India lies here. It also originated from the Tethys Sea together with the Himalayas and the Ladakh ranges.

Siachen, the longest glacier (76 km) in India belongs to this range. Baltaro and Rimo are also famous glaciers that belong to this range.

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WBBSE Chapter 5 India Account Of The Himalayas

Parallel ranges Four phases of intensive earth movements caused the upliftment of four east-west extended parallel ranges. From the north to south are

1. Tethys or the Tibetan Himalayas:

which lies in the extreme north of India. It merges with the Tibetan plateau with an average height of 5500-6000 m, most of which lies in China. It was uplifted about 7 crores years back.

2. Himadri or the Great Himalayas:

It stands to the south of the Tethys Himalayas and consists of lofty snowcapped peaks with an average height of 6000 m. Mt.Everest, the highest (8848 m) peak in the world belongs to this range.

It also includes lofty peaks, namely Kanchenjungha, Nandadevi, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri etc. Kanchenjungha is the highest (8598 m) peak of the Himalayas located in India.

It also originated during the first phase of upliftment together with the Tethys Himalayas.

3. Himachal or the Lesser Himalayas:

To the south of the Himadri stands the Himachal or the Lesser Himalayas. With height varying between 2000 and 3000 m.

It consists of Mussourie, Nagtibba, Pirpanjal, and Dhaoladhar peaks. It originated during the 2nd phase of upliftment of the Himalayas about 2 crore years back.

4. Siwalik or the Sub-Himalayas:

About 30 lakh years back during the third phase of upliftment of the Himalayas the Tethys, Himadri and Himachal were again uplifted. It is 10-15 km wide with an average height varying between 600-1500 m.

Mussourie, Jammu, and Dafla ranges are located here

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Regional Divisions Of The Himalayas

On the basis of regional characteristics the Himalayas can be divided into three sub-regions

1. The Western Himalayas,
2. The Central Himalayas (belongs to Nepal) and
3. The Eastern Himalayas. Central Himalayas in Nepal includes the lofty peaks of Mt. Everest, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna etc.

The Western Himalayas

It May Be Subdivided Into Three Regions :

1. The Kashmir Himalayas:

It belongs to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. To the extreme south stands the Jammu and Punch Hills. Further north is the Pirpanjal range.

To the north of Pirpanjal lies the famous Kashmir valley which is bordered on the north by the Himadri and Zanskar ranges. Further north lies the Indus Gorge.

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To the extreme north stands the Karakoram range. Godwin, Austen or K2, the highest peak of the Karakoram range belongs to India.

2. Himachal Pradesh Himalayas:

It belongs to the state of Himachal Pradesh. To the extreme south stands the Siwalik range. Further north stands the Lesser Himalayan ranges, namely Dhaoladhar, Pirpanjal, Nagtibba and Mussourie.

3. Kumaon or Uttarakhand Himalayas:

It belongs to the state of Uttarakhand to the extreme south are found a few famous valleys or duns, namely Dehra Dun, Choukhamba etc.

To the north of these valleys stand the Nagtibba and Mussourie ranges. Further north are found lofty snow-capped peaks, such as Nandadevi (7817 m), Gangotri (6114 m), Kedarnath (7188 m) etc.

The Eastern Himalayas

It can be divided into three sub-regions:

Sikkim:

Darjeeling Himalayas-There is three important ranges, namely Singalila, Dawhill and Dongkia. Kanchenjungha (8598 m), the third highest peak of the world belongs to Sikkim Himalaya and this is the highest peak of the Himalayas in India.

Bhutan Himalayas:

The topography of this region is very much rugged. Kula Kangri (7554 m) is the highest peak in this region.

Assam Or Arunachal Himalayas:

It belongs to the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Siwalik range stands to the north of the Brahmaputra valley. Further north stands the Lesser Himalayas and to the extreme north stands the Great Himalayas.

The North-Eastern Hills Or Purbachal

The Purbachal lies in North-east India extending in a north-south direction in the states of Assam, Arunachal Prades Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura.

There are many ranges of low heights varying between 1800 m and 4000 m. These hills are the southern continuation of the Himalayan ranges.

These are Patkoi and Mishmi in Arunachal Pradesh, and Naga hills in Nagaland, the highest peak of which is Saramati (3825 m).

Tuen sang in Manipur, and Mikir and Barail hills in Assam are connecting the Khasi-Garo-Jaintia hills of Meghalaya.

Dafabum (4579 m) of Mishmi hills of Arunachal Pradesh is the highest peak of this region.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Question Answers

WBBSE Chapter 5 India The Plains Of Northern India

The Northern Plains are located to the south of the Himalayas and to the north of the Peninsular Plateau of India.

The plains of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam belong to this region. The Northern Plains consist of

1. Rajasthan Plain,
2. Punjab plain,
3. The Ganga Plain and
4. The Brahmaputra Valley.

Rajasthan Plain

The southwestern part of the Northern Plain is known as the Rajasthan Plain. The region slopes from the east (325 m) to the west (150 m) and is located to the west of the Aravalli hills in the state of Rajasthan.

It is an extensively sandy plain and experiences an extreme type of climate because of which Luni, the only river in this region is saline. It is actually part of the Thar desert known as Marusthali.

There are a few saline lakes namely Panchpadra, Didwana, Sambhar etc. The dry shallow channels or lakes are called Dhand and shifting dunes are known as Dhrian.

Physiographically, the plain may be divided into five sub-divisions. To the extreme west lies the Marusthali made of sands, sand dunes and stones.

Areas made of stones are known as Hamada. To the east of Marusthali lies Bagar, the grassland along the riverside of Luni. To the east of Bagar lies Rohi which is a floodplain.

To the north of the river, Luni lies Thali the sandy region full of sand dunes.

Punjab Plain

The western part of the Northern Plain is known as Punjab Plain. It is delimited by the river Yamuna, the right bank tributary of the Ganga on the east and belongs to the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

This plan is made of silts deposited by the river Indus and its tributaries, namely the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, and Chenab the new alluvium deposited near the river banks of these rivers forms a plain land locally called Bet.

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The land between two rivers is known as Doab. The floodplain is locally known as Dhaya and the crowded land is known as Chaos. Old alluvium to the south of the Punjab Plain is known as Bhangar.

The Ganga Plain

This is an extensive plain comprising nearly 3,75,000 sq. km. area in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. It is a monotonous plain scattered with hills and natural levees.

The region slopes from the west to the east and southeast. It can be divided into sub-regions

1. Upper Ganga plain extends from the river Yamuna in the west to the confluence at Ganga and Yamuna near Allahabad in the east with a height of 100-250 m.
2. Middle Ganga Plain stretches from Allahabad in the west to Rajmahal Hill in the east with a height of about 50-100 m.
3. Lower Ganga Plain stretches from Rajmahal Hill to the Bay of Bengal with a height of 450 m above sea level. The old alluvium is away from the river, and the bank is known as Bhangar.
4. Fertile new alluvium along the river bank is known as Khadar. A stony plain located to the west of this plain at the foothills of the Himalayas is known as Bhabar.
5. To the south of the Bhabar is located Terai, a narrow humid region.

The Brahmaputra Valley

The eastern part of the Northern Plain in Assam made by the deposition of silts of the river Brahmaputra is the Brahmaputra valley.

This is an elongated narrow plain which is bounded by the hills on the north, east and south. The plain slopes from the east (130 m) to the west (30 m).

The river Brahmaputra flows in a braided course. There are many sandbanks and river islands in the river Brahmaputra. Majuli island, the largest river island in the world is found in this river.

The northern part of this plain laying at the foothills of the Himalayas composed of sands, stones and pebbles is called Terai.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India The Peninsular Plateau

To the south of the Northern Plains is located the Peninsular Plateau of India. Geologically, it is part of the ancient landmass of the world, the Gondwanaland.

Based on variation in landform, this plateau may be divided into three regions

1. The Central Highland,
2. The Eastern Highland and
3. The Deccan Plateau.

The Central Highland

It covers the highlands of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. On the Western border of Central Highland stands the Aravalli, the oldest fold mountain of India as well as of the world.

Gurusikhar (1722 m) is the highest peak of Aravalli. Vindhya, the most important range of this highland has an average elevation of 300 m and is the source of the river Chambal.

The highest peak of this range is Manpur (881 m). To the west of the Vindhya is located the Malwa plateau.

The northeastern part of the Malwa plateau is composed of pink granite and is called the Bundelkhand plateau. The eastern part of the Vindya range is known as the Rewa plateau.

The Eastern Highland

It comprises Chota Nagpur plateau of Jharkhand, Baghelkhand plateau of Chhattisgarh, Mahanadi Basis and the plains of Chhattisgarh and Dandakaranya of Odisha.

Denudation has lowered this region. Pat, the highest (1100 m) part of the Chota Nagpur plateau lies to the west of this region. The famous Ranchi plateau dissected by the river Damodar is located to the east of the Pat region.

To the north of the river, Damodar lies the Hazaribag plateau where stands the Pareshnath hill (1366 m), the highest peak of the Chota Nagpur plateau.

To the northeastern corner of the plateau on the West Bengal-Bihar border stands the Rajmahal Hills. The Dalma, Porhat and Rajmahal hills of this region are made of basalt rock.

To the south of the Baghelkhand plateau lies the Chhattisgarh Basin of the river Mahanadi. Further south, stands the Dandakarnya hills of Odisha, the highest part of which is the Koraput.

Garjat Hills (400-1000 m) stand to the south of the Ranchi plateau.

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WBBSE Chapter 5 India Meghalaya Plateau

The Chota Nagpur plateau extends into the state of Meghalaya. Millions of years back, part of the old plateau lying between the Chota Nagpur plateau and the Meghalaya plateau subsided due to earth movement.

Thus Meghalaya Plateau became isolated from, the rest of the Peninsular Plateau. The subsided region was, eventually, occupied by the Ganga Plain.

Meghalaya plateau consists of Mikir hills in the east, Garo hills in the west and Khasi-Jaintia hills in the middle.

Shillong, Cherrapunji located in the central part of the plateau is the highest part of this region with an average height of 1500 m. Shillong (1966 m.) is the highest peak in this region.

The Deccan Plateau

The Deccan plateau extends from the Vindya range in the north to the Kanniyakumari (Cape of Comoris) in the south.

It is bounded on the west by the Western Ghats or Sahyadri and on the east by the Eastern Ghats or Malayadri. The plateau is part of the ancient Gondwanaland of the world.

It is composed of ancient igneous rocks like Granite and metamorphic rocks like gneiss. The region slopes from the west to the east and rises gradually to the south.

Deccan trap, an extensive part of the plateau in the northwest, is covered by black soil and is known as the lava plateau.

Ranges Of The Plateau

Satpura-Mahadeo range located to the south of the river Narmada is a block mountain. Its highest peak is Dhupgarh (1350 m). To the east of it stands the Maikala range.

Its highest peak is Amarkantak (1057 m). Along the western border of the Deccan plateau stands the north-south extended Western Ghats or Sahyadri.

Anaimudi (2695 m) 1500 is its highest peak which is also the highest peak in South India. Important peaks of the Western Ghats are Vavulmala (2339 m).

Kalsubai, Mahabaleswar etc. There are a few passes, namely Thal Ghat near Nasik and Bhor Ghat near Pune. To the extreme south of the plateau, there is the Nilgiri-Anaimalai-Palni-Cardamom range.

Dodabeta is the highest peak of Nilgiri (2637 m). To the south of Nilgiri lies the Pal Ghat gap. Further in the south stand the forested hills of Anaimalai, Palni and Cardamom.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Actually, to the south of the Pal Ghat gap, the Western Ghats have reappeared to form Anaimalai the two branches of which are Palni to the east and Cardamom to the south.

So, Anaimudi is rightly considered the highest peak of the Western Ghats. To the east of the Deccan plateau stands the Eastern Ghats extended in a north-south direction.

Important peaks are Bilgiri Rangan, (1750 m), Armaconda and Mahendragiri.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India The Coastal Plains

The coastal plain of India stretches along the Arabian Sea coast in the west and the Bay of Bengal coast in the east. It may be broadly sub-divided into

1. East Coastal Plain and
2. West Coastal Plain.

East Coastal Plain

It extends from the river Subarnarekha in the north to Kanniya- Kumari in the south for nearly 1500 km. It may be divided into two division

1. North Circar Coast to the north of the river Krishna including Odisha Coastal Plains in between the river Subarnarekha in the north and the river Rushikulya in the south and Andhra Coastal Plain from the mouth of Rushikulya to the lake Pulicat.
2. Coromandel Coast to the south of the river Krishna is known as the Tamil Nadu coast which stretches from Lake Pulicat to Kanniyakumari.
3. There are many sand dunes and lagoons in the eastern coastal plain. Sand dunes in Tamil Nadu are locally called Theris. A few lagoons, namely Chilka on the Odisha coast.
4. Kolleru and Pulicat on the Andhra coast are found between the sand dunes and the coast.

West Coastal Plain

It stretches from Runn of Kachchh in the north to Kanyakumari in the south. It is much narrow than the eastern coastal plain.

It is divided into four sections

1. Gujarat Coastal Plain is found in Gujarat. It includes
2. Kachchh and
3. Kathiwar Peninsula. Runn of Kachchh, a marshy land is located in Kachchh Peninsula. In Kathiwar Peninsular there are two forested hills-Gir and Girnar.
4. Konkan Coastal Plain of Maharastra is narrow and broken. It extends from north of Maharastra to Goa, in the south.
5. Karnataka Coastal Plain of Karnataka extends from Goa in the north to the south of Karnataka. It is also narrow and broken.
6. Malabar Coastal Plain of Kerala is 95 km wide. There are many sand dunes (Theris) and Kayals (backwaters) like Vembaonad near Cochi (80 km long) and Austamudi near Quilon (Kollam).

Comparison Between East And West Coastal Planes:

The Islands

The islands of India may be grouped into two divisions

1. Islands of the Bay of Bengal which include Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These are actually, the tops of the submerged mountain ranges. The highest peak is Saddle (775 m). Barren and Narcondam are two volcanic peaks.
2. Islands of the Arabian Sea include Lakshadweep located off the Malabar Coast in Kerala. These are coral islands and were referred to as Laccadivi, Minicoy and Amindivi.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Significance Of Physiographic Divisions

Importance of the Himalayas:

1. Defence: The Himalayas protects India like a wall from foreign invasion.
2. Climate: It prevents cold winds to enter India in winter and gives rain in summer by obstructing moist southwest monsoon wind.
3. Source of the river: The Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus and their tributaries have originated in the Himalayas.
4. Fertile plain land: Himalayan rivers have brought a large number of silts and deposited them to form the great plain land of North India.
5. Others: The rich coniferous fruits and medicinal herbs, extensive pasturelands, hydel power generation on turbulent rivers as well as scenic beauties of the Himalayas play an important role in the life of Indian people.

Importance Of The Plains Of Northern India:

Excepting the Marusthali on the west the rest of the Northern Plain of India is agriculturally sound. This is known as the ‘Granary of India’.

The transport system is well developed because of its flat land. It is famous for many industries like sugar, jute, cotton textile, chemical and leather. This is the most populated region of India.

Important cities like Delhi, Kolkata, and Patna are located here. The saline lakes of Marusthali are famous for the production of salt.

Importance Of The Peninsular Plateau:

The Peninsular plateau is important for mineral resources like coal, copper, and iron ore as it is an ancient plateau, Chota Nagpur plateau is known as the ‘Mineral Storehouse of India’.

River valleys are agriculturally rich. Mineral, forest and agro-industries have well developed here. Swift-flowing rivers are favourable for hydel power generation.

For scenic beauties Mt. Abu, Netarhat, and Panchmari are famous tourist spots.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Importance Of Coastal Plain :

The coastal plain is agriculturally famous. Rice, sugarcane, spices, and coconuts grow profoundly. Fishing is an important activity. Important ports like Mumbai, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, and Cochi are located here.

Many industries like cotton textile, oil refining, chemical and engineering have developed here.

Importance Of Islands:

The Islands are fertile as well as forested but sparsely populated. So, the scenic beauties of these islands attract many tourists.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Water Resources Of India

Water is one of the most important renewable natural resources for supporting life.

Facts at a glance :

Source:

Water Resource at a Glance 2011 Report, CWC, New Delhi.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Rivers Lakes Waterbodies And Canals

Most of the precipitation goes to sea or lakes by surface runoff i.e. Rivers.

Rivers

Indian rivers can be divided into two groups according to their sources, courses and mouths

1. Rivers of North India and
2. Rivers of South India.

Rivers of North India

The North Indian Rivers are

1. The Ganga,
2. The Indus and
3. The Brahmaputra.

The Ganga

Ganga is the principal river of India. From source to mouth, the river can be divided into three courses-the upper course, the middle course and the lower course.

The Upper Course:

28 Delhi Bhagirathi, the source of the river Ganga, rises in the Gangotri Glacier of Gomukh ice cave in Uttarakhand. It flows southwestward to meet the river Alakananda, a tributary of the river Ganga near Devaprayag.

The combined flow known as Ganga flows through the Siwalik range southwards. At Hardwar, the river Ganga leaves the upper or mountain course.

The Middle Course:

From Hardwar, the river Ganga flows southward and turns eastward flowing through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Near Rajmahal hills, the river Ganga enters West Bengal.

Lower Course:

In West Bengal, the river Ganga flows eastward and near Dhulian it is divided into two distributaries

1. The Padma flowing through Bangladesh and
2. The Bhagirathi flows southward and is known as Hugli from Chinsura up to the mouth of the Bay of Bengal forming an estuary.

The Ganga At A Glance:

The Ganga is 2510 km long (including 2071 km in Bangladesh). It has formed the largest delta in the world. Right Bank tributaries- The Yamuna and Son.

Left Bank Tributaries:

Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi.

The Indus

The river rises in the Sangekhabab glacier in Tibet. It flows westward in Jammu and Kashmir between Karakoram and Ladakh ranges. Near Nanga Parbat it turns through a deep gorge and enters Pakistan.

Indus at a Glance :

The Indus is 2880 km long (only 709 km is in India) Left Bank Tributaries-Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum.

The Brahmaputra

The river Brahmaputra rises in the Chemayungdeng glacier located 90 km southeast of Rakshas Tal and Manas Sarovar in Tibet where it is known as Tsangpo.

Near Namcha Barwa peak it turns southward through a deep gorge and enters Arunachal Pradesh where it is called Dihang. The Dihang enters Assam near Sadiya and joins the Luhit and Dibang rivers.

The combined flow is known as the Brahmaputra. At Dhubri the Brahmaputra takes a southward turn and enters Bangladesh as Yamuna and finally drains into the Bay of Bengal.

Brahmaputra at a Glance :

1. The Brahmaputra is 2580 km long. In India, it is about 885 km long.
2. Right Bank tributaries-Subarnasiri, Manas, Sankosh.
3. Left Bank tributaries-Dhansiri, Kopili, Lohit.
4. The Brahmaputra has formed the world’s largest river island-Majuli.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Rivers Of South India

In South India, the Narmada and Tapi are west-flowing rivers and Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri are important east-flowing rivers.

The Narmada (1300 Km):

It rises on the Amarkantak peak of the Maikala range and flows through a narrow rift valley between Vindhyas in the north and Satpura in the south and finally drains into the gulf of Khambat forming an estuary.

It has formed the famous Dhuandhar waterfalls on the Bheraghat marble rock region near Jabbalpur. Two important tributaries of Narmada are Kolar and Hiran. However, Narmada forms no delta.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

The Tapti Or Tapi (724 Km):

It rises near Multai on the Mahadeo range in Madhya Pradesh. It flows through a rift valley between the Satpura in the north and Ajanta in the south.

It flows westward to drain into the Gulf of Khambat forming an estuary at its mouth. Important tributaries of Tapi are Purna, Girna, Vethor etc. Tapi also forms no delta.

The Mahanadi (880 Km):

It rises on the Sihwa range in Chhattisgarh and flows eastward and drains into the Bay of Bengal forming a large delta at its mouth. The Sheonath, Brahmani and Baitarani are the important tributaries of the river Mahanadi.

The Godavari (1465 Km):

This is the most important river in South India. It rises on the Trombok hills of Sahayadri in Maharastra and flows southeastward and drains into the Bay of Bengal forming a large delta at its mouth.

Important tributaries of Godavari are Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga, Manjira, Pranhita, Indravati etc. Important distributaries are Goutami, Basistha, Bainateo etc.

The Krishna (1400 Km):

It rises on the Mahabaleshwar hills of the Western Ghats and flows eastward to drain into the Bay of Bengal forming a large delta at its mouth. The important tributaries are Koyna, Bhima, Tunga, Bhadra and Bedbati.

The Kaveri (800 Km):

It rises on the Brahmagiri hills of the Western Ghats in Karnataka and drains into the Bay of Bengal forming a large delta.

It has formed the famous Shivsamudram waterfall. Important tributaries are Bhabani, Himabati.

Comparison Between The Rivers Of North And South India:

Facts at a Glance :

1. Godavari is the longest river in South India. So it is called the ‘Ganga of the South’ or ‘South Ganga’.
2. Kaveri is the holy river of South India. So it is also known as the ‘Ganga of the South’ or ‘South Ganga’.
3. Gersoppa or Yog is the highest waterfall (275 m) on the river Sarabati in India.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Lakes

Many lakes are found in different parts of India. Lakes are usually natural. Man-made lakes are also found. On the basis of taste, lakes are of two types

1. Fresh water lake and
2. Saltwater Lake or Brackish Lake.

Fresh Water Lakes:

These are mostly Himalayan lakes, located in the upper part of the mountain. So the region is very cold and the lakes are snowed. There is also less evaporation.

All these have made freshwater lakes like Dal, and Wular in Kashmir and Punatal, Sattal, Bhimtal, and Nainital in the Kumaon region.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Rupkund near Nanda Ghunti and Hemkund near Bhurj highlands are also freshwater lakes of the western Himalayas. Some freshwater lakes in the eastern Himalayas are Loktak in Manipur, Chhangu Lake in Sikkim etc.

Salt Water Lakes:

Most of the saltwater lakes of India are found in Rajasthan where evaporation is highest. Sambhar, Didwana, Puskar, Pachpadra of Rajasthan.

Pangong and Tso Moriri of the dry Ladakh plateau of Kashmir as well as Kolleru of Andhra Pradesh and Pulicat of Tamil Nadu are famous saltwater lakes.

Chilka on Odisha’s coast is the saltwater lagoon. Bhembonad and Austamudi are saltwater lagoons locally called Kayals.

Waterbodies

There are many ponds, reservoirs, bells and tanks found in India. Important waterbodies in India are Anantnag in Jammu and Kashmir, and Indiranagar in Rajasthan.

Mirik in West Bengal, Lonar in Maharastra, Sukhna in Chandigarh and Maithan, Panchet, Govind Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, and Nagarjuna Sagar reservoirs.

Canals

There are many perennial canals in India, such as Upper Ganga Canal, Lower Ganga Canal, Sarada Canal and Agra Canal in Uttar Pradesh; Son Canal and Koshi Canal in Bihar.

Durgapur Canal, East Damodar Canal, Eden Canal, Bakreswar Canal and Medinipur Canal in West Bengal; Indira Canal, Chambal Canal and Bikaner Canal in Rajasthan.

1. Importance of rivers, lakes, waterbodies and canals on human life.
2. Rivers have formed fertile alluvial plains which are the rich farmlands of India.
3. Water from rivers, lakes, water bodies and canals is widely used for irrigation.
4. River water is used for hydel power generation.
5. Freshwater provides drinking water.
6. Navigable rivers and canals are used as waterways.
7. Job opportunities are provided by production of salt, fishing and tourism.

Facts at a Glance :

1. Ular in Kashmir is the largest freshwater lake in India.
2. Chilka is the largest lagoon in India.
3. The Indira Canal of Rajasthan is the longest canal (582 km) in India.
4. Medinipur Canal is the longest (520 km) canal in West Bengal.
5. Bhembanad is the largest Kayal in India.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Means Of Irrigation

The success of agriculture mostly depends on the supply of water. In a country like India where rainfall is irregular, Irrigation is indispensable.

Means Of Irrigation :

Irrigation is practised in India

1. well and tubewell,
2. canal and
3. irrigation.

Well and Tubewell

38% of the irrigated land in India is irrigated by wells and tube wells. In this method of irrigation, wells are dug to reach the underground water table and water is lifted in two ways

1. Persian wheel in which a wheel is attached by many buckets filled with water and is pulled by a rope and
2. Electric pumps or diesel pumps by which irrigation is mainly practised in the plains of North India.
3. Tubewells are of two types-Shallow tube wells are used in which a hand pump is used. Deep tube wells are used by electric pumps.

Wells and tube wells are mainly used in the plains of North India mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam.

Canal

Canals are of two types

1. Inundation canal and
2. Perennial canal.

Inundation canals get their supply of water only when a river rises above a certain level during the rainy season.

Perennial canals carry water throughout the year as they draw their water from the perennial rivers or artificial lakes or barrages which are built across a river.

There are many perennial canals in India, such as the Upper and Lower Ganga Canal, Agra Canal, and Sarada Canal in Uttar Pradesh; Yamuna Canal and Sirhind Canal in Punjab.

Medinipur Canal, Eden Canal and canals under the river Damodar, Mayurakshi and Kangsabati project in West Bengal; Mettur Canal in Tamil Nadu.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Well Tubewell And Canal

Overuse Of Underground Water And Its Impact

Groundwater is the main source of fresh usable water. Though the reserve of ground water is limited, yet we use and overuse it to satisfy our increasing demand in domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors. It may adversely affect.

Lowering Of Ground Water Table:

Due to the overuse of groundwater, the groundwater table is declining.

Reduction In Surface Runoff:

Due to the depletion of groundwater, there is seepage of water from rivers, lakes and other water bodies underground resulting in loss of surface water.

Landslide:

Due to overuse of underground water balance in rock layers underground is disturbed which may cause landslides.

Problem Of Salinity:

Excessive use of groundwater turns the soil into saline by the capillary.

Arsenic Pollution:

Vacuums formed underground due to over lifting water groundwater is filled with air and the oxygen present in the air mixes up with arsenic which easily.

dissolve in water and pollute the groundwater. This is rapidly increasing in some parts of West Bengal which is very much alarming.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Multipurpose River Valley Projects

The river valley projects serve manifold benefits such as flood control, irrigation, generation of hydel powepisciculture, navigation, afforestation, control of soil erosion, supply of drinking water etc.

are known as the Multipurpose River Valley Project (MRVP). Example. Bhakra Nangal Project across the river Sutlej.

Important Multipurpose River Valley Project

Important Multipurpose River Valley Projects of India are Damodar Valley Project (Project on the river Damodar and its tributaries Barakar and Konar), Bhakra Nangal Project (Sutlej River).

Hirakund Project (Mahanadi river), Rihand Project (Rihand a tributary to Son), Nagarjuna Sagar Project (Krishna river), Tungabhadra Project (Tungabhadra, a tributary to the river Krishna).

Narmada Project (Narmada river), Kosi Project (Kosi river), Mayurakshi Project (Mayurakshi river).

Damodar Valley Corporation (D.V.C.)-A Case Study

Backdrop:

Damodar, the most important river of Chota Nagpur plateau originating from the Khamarpet hill flows through Jharkhand and West Bengal to join the river Hugli.

Many tributaries, namely Barakar, Konar, Bokaro, and Jamuria have joined this river. In the past, the river Damodar was called the ‘River of Sorrow’ because of its frequent floods.

Project

In 1948, ‘The Damodar Valley project’ was undertaken by the Central Government and Government of West Bengal and Bihar under the responsibility of Damodar Valley Corporation (D.V.C.) an autonomous body.

Programmes Cons:

The construction of eight dams was planned

1. Panchet,
2. Barmo,
3. Ayre on the river Damodar;
4. Maithan,
5. Belpahari and
6. Tilaiya on the river Barakar;
7. Konar on the river Konar and
8. Bokaro on the river Bokaro.
9. Finally, at Tenughat, another dam was built on the river Damodar.

Implementation

Apart from the construction of dams following activities were taken up:

Electricity:

Hydel power plants at Tilaiya, Maithan and Panchet and thermal power plants at Bokaro, Chandrapura and Durgapur were set up.

Barrage And Irrigation Canal:

Durgapur barrage at Durgapur on the river Damodar was constructed. Canals on both sides were constructed for about 2495 km.

Navigation:

137 km long canal has connected Kolkata by joining Hugli river.

Impact Of The Project:

1. Flood has been controlled,
2. Electricity produced in this project satisfies the demand of industrial regions of Chota Nagpur, Asansol, Durgapur and Kolkata
3. Farmlands of Barddhaman, Bankura, Haora, and Hugli has benefitted from irrigation water,
4. Pisciculture,
5. Navigation,
6. Development of tourism and
7. Soil conservation has materialized.

Class 10 WBBSE Geography Chapter 5 Explanation

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Conservation Of Water-Importance And Methods:

Importance :

Nearly 97% of the water resource of the world is sea or ocean water which is saline. Rest 3% is fresh water out of which 2% is polar ice.

Only 1% of water is confined to groundwater, or surface water such as rivers, ponds, beels, canals etc. Without water, life will not exist. So conservation of water is indispensable.

Methods

There are two methods of conservation of water

1. Rainwater Harvesting and
2. Watershed Development.

Rain Water Harvesting

To recharge groundwater reserves by storing rainwater there are different methods. In urban areas, it is possible to roof water stored in a reservoir or by sending it into an underground well.

In rural areas, rainwater flowing through rivulets and trenches may be stored in a reservoir.

Watershed Development

The Highland that separates adjacent river systems is known as a Watershed which is actually a geo-hydrological unit.

Watershed development refers to the conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all the natural resources like land, soil, water, plants, animals and human resources within the watershed area.

Objectives are to mitigate the adverse effects of drought on crops and livestock, control desertification, encourage restoration of ecological balance and promote the economic development of the village community.

Role Of Tamil Nadu In Rain Water Harvesting- A Case Study

In Tamil Nadu Rain Water Harvesting movement was launched in 2001. It has a tremendous impact on recharging groundwater tables all over Tamil Nadu.

It is mandatory to provide RWH structures in all new buildings. Out of a total of 2392457 buildings, Town Panchayats 2294342 buildings have provided RWH structures so far.

This is the outcome of the activities carried out in Town Panchayats areas to sustain the momentum of the programme.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Climate Of India

India shows great diversity in landforms. So Indian climate is very much diversified. Nevertheless, the climate of India is greatly influenced by the monsoon winds.

Regional Variation In the Climate Of India:

Cycle Of Seasons

Four seasons, namely summer, rain, autumn and winter rotate in a cycle.

The Mainland of India extends from nearly 80° north latitude to about 37° north latitude.

When the hot humid equatorial climate is experienced in the extreme south, the Tropical climate prevails in Central India and the Subtropical and Temperate climates prevail in Northern India.

Interior of the Deccan, though not far from the sea, remains dry and the west and the East coastal Plains receive heavy rainfall due to the location of north-south extended Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

In Winter western Disturbances give snowfall in the mountains and rainfall in the plains. Tamil Nadu receives winter rain from the North-east Monsoon wind. The rest of India remains dry.

Being located on the same latitude climate as Darjeeling is different from that of Agra because of its altitude.

The climate of North India is extreme as it is far from the sea while the climate of South India is pleasant.

Except for North India, most parts of India enjoy mild winters.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Factors Affecting The Climate Of India

Indian climate is largely controlled by the following factors:

Location And Latitudinal Extension:

India belongs to the Torrid zone. So Indian climate is, in general, warm and humid. India extends from 8°04′ north latitude in the south to 37°06′ north latitude in the north.

The Tropic of Cancer (23°30′ north latitude) passes through the middle of the country. So, a warm Tropical climate prevails in South India and a cold or Temperate climate prevails in North India.

Class 10 WBBSE Geography Chapter 5 Explanation

Role Of The Himalayas:

The transverse location of the Himalayas to the monsoon wind gives plenty of rain in summer and protects India from the severe cold winds in winter.

Relief :

Summers are pleasant in the mountainous regions of North and South India due to their altitude. But summers are hot in the plains and plateaus of North and South India.

Distance From The Sea:

Peninsular India as bordered on three sides by seas and oceans enjoys a maritime (moderate) climate while the interiors of north and central India experience extreme types of climate.

Monsoon Winds:

Being attracted by the low-pressure cell of the Rajasthan desert, the South-west monsoon wind gives rain in summer, while winter remains dry due to the dry and cold North-east monsoon wind.

Actually, the monsoon wind divides the Indian climate into four seasons.

Jet Stream:

In India, Sub-tropical Westerly Jet blows in winter and Tropical Easterly Jet blow in the rainy season.

In winter with the advancement of the Westerly Jet southwards intensity of winter increases while with the shifting of the Easterly Jet, a northwards dry spell occurs resulting in drought.

Tropical Cyclone And Western Disturbance:

In Autumn, the conflict between the retreating Southwest monsoon wind and the advancing North-east monsoon (Trde) wind causes Tropical cyclones which give cyclonic rains in coastal areas.

In winter, Western Disturbances originating in the Mediterranean Sea also give cyclonic rain in North-west India and snowfall in the Himalayan region.

EL Nino and La-Nina:

Usually, cold Peru or Humboldt ocean current flows northward along the Peru-Equador coast in the Pacific Ocean. In some years, in December-January warm south-flowing current replaces the cold current.

This is known as El Nino. It is found that the arrival of South-west monsoon wind in South Asia including India is delayed in the years of the appearance of El Nino. It causes drought and forest fires in those countries.

In some years with the departure of El Nino intense High pressure and stable weather prevails along the Peru coast while along the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, intense low pressure and heavy rainfall occur.

This is known as La Nina. In the years of La Nina rainfall in India increases. It causes floods, landslides and foggy winters.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 WBBSE Solutions

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Monsoon Winds And Seasons In India

Based on the arrival and departure of monsoon winds, rainfall, temperature and air pressure the Meteorological Department of the Government of India has divided the climate of India into four seasons which rotate in a cycle as follows:

Summer (March to May)

On the 21st of March, the sun lies over the equator. Gradually, it advances northward and accordingly temperature increases in India.

Temperature:

in the month of May, the temperature rises to 40°C in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. In the Rajasthan desert, it is nearly 48°C. By this time hot and dry wind called Loo sweeps over the Indo-Ganga plain. In Rajasthan, this is known as Andhi.

Rainfall:

In Summer, thundershower occurs which are locally known as Kalbasakhi in West Bengal, Mango Shower in South India and Bardichhila in Assam.

The rainy season (June to September)

On the 21st of June, the sun lies over the Tropic of Cancer. Therefore, an intense low-pressure cell develops in Rajasthan.

It pulls the South-east trade wind which on crossing the equator becomes South-west monsoon wind (according to Ferrel’s law) and arrives all of a sudden on the Cape of Comorin.

This is known as the ‘Burst of Monsoon’. It is then divided into two branches.

MAP

Arabian Sea Branch

It gives heavy orographic rain to the western coastal plains of India. But the Deccan plateau remains dry as it is located in the rainshadow areas of Western Ghats.

The northern section of the Arabian Sea branch does not give any rain in Gujarat as it blows parallel to the Aravalli range.

Class 10 WBBSE Geography Chapter 5 Explanation

Bay Of Bengal Branch

It gives heavy orographic rain to the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the Meghalaya plateau. Mausynram near Cherrapunji receives the highest rainfall (about 1250 cm) in the world.

But Shillong lies in the rainshadow area of the Meghalaya plateau. It gives rain in Assam, West Bengal and moves westward. As a result, rainfall decreases, gradually, in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.

Temperature:

The sky remains overcast. So, temperature varies between 20°C and 30°C.

Rainfall:

80% of rainfall in India occurs in the Rainy season. Rainfall is mostly orographic in nature. Maximum rainfall occurs in the Western coastal plains and in the Worth-eastern hills.

Except for the desert of the North-west, the rest of India receives rainfall varying between 60-200 cm.

Retreating Monsoon or Autumn (October and November)

On the 23rd of September, the sun lies over the equator and moves to the south. So, the temperature starts to decrease in India and the Low-pressure cell disappears.

Consequently, the South-west monsoon wind retreats from India with the advancement of the North-east monsoon wind. These two winds conflict with each other and create cyclones.

Temperature And Rainfall:

Temperature is moderate. The sky remains clear. But cyclones hit the coasts of West Bengal (locally called Aswiner Jhar), Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

Winter (December to February)

On the 22nd of December the sun lies over the Tropic of Capricorn and the temperature in North India becomes very low forming high pressure. The wind, therefore, blows from the northeast as offshore wind.

Temperature:

The average temperature of winter in North India varies between 10°C and 15°C, while in South 15 Sep. India it rises to 25°C.

Rainfall:

The North-east monsoon wind is very dry. So it does not give any rainfall in India but causes snowfall in the Himalayas.

Western Disturbances of 12 cyclonic origins disrupt the stable weather condition in North India.

Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rain from the North-east trade wind which on crossing the Bay of Bengal Kilometre becomes moist.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Impact Of Monsoon Rainfall On Soil Natural Vegetation Agriculture

The impact of the Monsoon wind in India is immense.

Impact On Soil

The distribution of rainfall in India is uneven. Consequently, the soils of India also vary, accordingly.

Laterite soil is found in Meghalaya and Chota Nagpur plateau, Western slopes of the Western Ghat where due to excessive rainfall basic elements are leached underground while oxides of iron and aluminium are left on the topsoil.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 WBBSE Solutions

Desert or Sirozem soil is found in the Rajasthan desert, northern parts of Kachchh and Kathiwar where due to scarcity of rainwater (20-40 cm) minerals are accumulated on the top layers of soil.

Impact On Natural Vegetation

Excessive rainfall over the western and Eastern Himalayas has supported the growth of Evergreen trees.

Deciduous trees grow over most parts of India as India receives rain mostly in the rainy season and the trees shed their leaves in winter.

Impact On Agriculture

Agriculture in India mostly depends on monsoon rainfall. Paddy, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and jute are cultivated in the rainy season when the South-west monsoon wind gives rain.

But South-west monsoon wind is irregular and uncertain. Some years it arrives early, some years late. Sometimes rainfall occurs continuously for a few days.

Sometimes, it is rainless for a long time. As a result, floods and droughts are common. India. Ultimately, livelihood including agriculture is disrupted.

Concept Mapping

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Soils In India

Types Of Soils:

Based on variations in relief, rock type, climate and natural vegetation India may be divided into six soil types

1. Alluvial soil,
2. Black soil,
3. Red soil,
4. Laterite soil,
5. Desert soil and
6. Mountain soil.

Alluvial Soil

These are the principal soils of India. Alluvial soils are of three types

1. Riverine soil,
2. Coastal soil and
3. Peat or Organic soil.

1. Riverine Soil :

Composition:

Riverine alluvial soil is composed of sand, silt and clay.

Characteristics:

This type of soil is formed by the deposition of silt, sand and clay in the river valleys. These are two types

1. New alluvium or Khadar is deposited on the flood plains and near the river banks. It is fertile. It is fine-textured and acidic.
2. The soil is grey in colour. It contains less amount of lime, humus and phosphorus.
3. Old alluvium or Bhangar is found in old flood plains located away from the river. It is calcareous and coarse-grained. Its water-retaining capacity is low and its colour is dark.

Crop Association:

Alluvial soils favour the cultivation of rice, jute, wheat, cotton, oilseeds, sugarcane, jute, millets, pulses, tobacco and vegetables.

Regional Distribution:

River valleys of the Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra.

2.Coastal Alluvial Soil:

Composition:

This type of soil is rich in oceanic silt, sand and salt.

Characteristics:

Coastal alluvial soil is light grey in colour. It is coarse-grained. The soil is rich in sodium, calcium, and magnesium. It is moderately fertile.

Crop Association:

Paddy, coconut, areca nut, and green chilly grow well.

Regional Distribution:

Coastal soil is found in the East and West coastal plains of India, especially in Sundarban in West Bengal where mangrove vegetation grows well.

3. Peat Or Organic Soil:

Composition:

This type of soil is composed of silt, sand, and clay mixed with organic matter.

Characteristics:

Dark grey colour. The soil is coarse-grained and porous. It is rich in silica.

Regional Distribution:

It is found in Kerala and Terai in Uttar Pradesh.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Black Soil

This is the second most important soil in India.

Composition:

It is composed of clay (Kaolinite) and silt. Sand is less in amount.

Characteristics:

It is produced from lava rock basalt. Its colour is black. It is fine textured. The soil is rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, iron, aluminium etc.

Its water-retaining capacity is high. It is popularly known as ‘Regur’. It favours cotton cultivation and hence, it is known as ‘black-cotton soil’. It is fertile.

Crop Association:

Cotton, rice, onion, oilseeds, oranges, grapes and vegetables are well-grown.

Regional Distribution:

Black soil is found in the Deccan Trap, especially Maharastra, the Southern part of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Northern part of Karnataka. Telangana and the Northern part of Tamil Nadu.

Red Soil

This is the third important soil of India.

Composition:

Red soil is rich in sand and clay particles like Kaolinite.

Characteristics:

It originated from disintegrated ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks like granite, and gneiss. Its colour is red as it is rich in iron.

Its water retaining capacity is poor. The soil is rich in Potassium and phosphate. It is coarse-grained as the soil is sandy.

Crop Association:

Millets, especially, ragi, rice, tobacco, groundnut, potato and vegetables grow well in red soil.

Regional Distribution:

Red soil is found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha in Deccan Plateau; Jharkhand in the Chota Nagpur Plateau; North-eastern mountainous region and in Meghalaya Plateau.

Laterite Soil

This is the fourth important soil of India.

Composition:

Laterite is rich in iron and aluminium oxides and contains less amount of organic matter and silica.

Characteristics:

The soil is red in colour due to the presence of iron. The word ‘Laterite’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Later’ meaning ‘bricks’.

These rocks are washed out through the leaching process by rainwater leaving a high proportion of iron and aluminium as residue.

They are course grained and acidic in nature. They are poor in plant nutrients and cannot retain moisture. So they are infertile.

Crop Association:

Rubber, tea, coffee, corn, cashew nut and rice grow in laterite soil only with the application of irrigation.

Regional Distribution:

Laterite soil is found in Western Ghats, Nilgiri, Cardamom and Eastern Ghats, the hilly region of Odisha, Jharkhand in the Chota Nagpur plateau and in Meghalaya plateau.

Desert Soil

Composition:

The soil is sandy. Due to the absence of vegetation, the soil is devoid of organic matter.

Characterístics:

It is grey in colour. The soil is rich in minerals like quartz, feldspar, hornblende, phosphate etc. but poor in nitrogen. Desert soil is known as size.

Crop Association:

With help of irrigation through the Rajasthan Canal crops like cotton, jowar, sugarcane, oilseeds, and wheat are grown abundantly.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Regional Distribution:

Desert soil is found in the Rajasthan desert and in the northern part of Kathiwar and Kachchh of Gujarat.

Mountain Soil

Composition:

It is rich in stones, clay and humus.

Characteristics:

Due to the slope of the land the soil is shallow. Its colour is greyish brown. The soil is poor in potash, phosphorus and lime but rich in nitrogen and organic matter. The soil is fine-grained.

Its water retaining capacity is medium. On the upper part of the mountain, the soil is acidic podzol type and in the lower part, brown chestnut soil is found.

Crop Association:

Rubber, tea, coffee, spices, and fruits grow well in this soil.

Regional Distribution:

The soil is found in the West and East Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Cardamom hills.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Soil Erosion

Soil is the most valuable resource, yet its depth is only 10-20 cm. This loose layer of soil is easily removed by rain and wind if it is not held by plant roots.

Usually, the rate of removal of soil is faster than that of its formation. Soil erosion is its removal by natural or man-made processes. More than half of the Indian landmass is damaged by soil erosion.

Causes Of Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is caused by two ways

1. Natural and
2. Human activities.

Natural Causes

Surface Runoff :

Rainwater washes the top layer of the soil. This is known as Sheet erosion. Gradually, Surface water runs in distinct paths and causes soil erosion.

This is known as Rill erosion. When rills are widened into gullies soil erosion increases further, this is known as Gully erosion.

Wind:

In deserts and seas sides strong wind causes soil erosion.

Nature Of Rainfall:

The amount of rainfall, especially the amount of rainfall per hour i.e. intensity of rainfall as well as sizes of raindrops are responsible for soil erosion.

Topography :

The greater the slope of the land higher is the amount of soil erosion. According to pedologist, H. H. Bennet, soil erosion increases by 25% with only a 1% increase in the slope of the land.

This is why soil erosion occurs more on the plateaus and the mountains than on the plains.

Landslide:

The landslide caused by heavy showers or earth movement is responsible for a huge amount of soil erosion.

Human Activities

Pressure Of Excessive Population:

The rapid increase in population is responsible for the increase in habitat land, and the establishment of factories which in turn, are responsible for the looseness of the soil and ultimately rainwater and wind wash away the loose soil particles.

Overgrazing :

Overgrazing causes the removal of plant and grass cover over land and the top soils are loosened as a result, soil erosion takes place easily.

Unscientific Mining:

Due to industrialisation increasing demand for minerals causes unscientific mining which may lead to soil erosion.

Deforestation :

Plant roots hold soil particles, Plant leaves protect soil from the strike of raindrops and the canopy protects soil from the heat by giving shade also wind velocity is reduced by the presence of forests. So deformation due to unscientific felling of trees may lead to excessive loss of soil particles.

Conventional Method Of Farming:

The conventional process of farming by which farmland becomes open when ploughing and by shifting cultivation which is locally known as jhum cultivation. In the states of North-eastern India when land is kept open for 3-4 years, topsoil is removed quickly.

Regions Of Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is increasing in India at an alarming rate, especially in the Himalayan mountainous region. North-eastern hills, a central part of Rajasthan.

Chambal- Betwa river basin in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, Namarda and Tapi river basin in Gujarat, Plateaus of Jharkhand and West Bengal and in the western part of Maharastra.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Consequences Of Soil Erosion

Soil erosion affects not only the economic and cultural activities of man but also adversely affect our environment. This can be realised from the following facts:

Loss Of Top Layer Of Fertile Soil:

The top layer of soil is rich in organic and mineral contents and its removal turns the soil infertile causing low agricultural produce.

Fall of groundwater table and reduction in soil moisture:

Soil erosion causes the removal of the top layer of soil exposing bare hard rocks on which when river flows cannot penetrate.

As a result, the groundwater table is lowered due to a lack of supply of water. Consequently, moisture in the soil is also lost.

Expansion Of Deserts:

In deserts, wind removes soil from distant places. As a result, the process of desertification is intensified. This soil erosion leads to the expansion of deserts.

Frequency Occurrence Of Flood And Drought:

Due to siltation, the river becomes shallow. So, little rain causes floods. Erosion of topsoil lowers the humidity of the soil. Ultimately, the soil becomes dry and leads to drought.

Increasing Siltation In Canals And Rivers:

Soil is removed by rivers and wind and is deposited in canals, rivers and other water bodies. As a result, canals and rivers are filled up by silts and eventually, these canals and rivers dry up.

Increasing Landslide:

In the mountainous region, soil erosion takes place along the direction of the sloping land becomes open and causes landslides.

Hindrance In Economic Prosperity And Cultural Development:

Soil erosion reduces soil fertility and ultimately, lowers agricultural production. Consequently, agro-based people as well as agro-based industries are in crisis.

Again, siltation reduces the navigability of rivers. So, the waterway through the river was disrupted. River floods also destroy life and wealth.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Prevention Of Soil Erosion And Soil Conservation

Soil conservation is to protect soil from soil erosion i.e. Soil conservation includes the methods of prevention of soil erosion.

Methods Of Prevention Of Soil Erosion

Tree Planting :

The plantation of trees is essential to protect the land from soil erosion by covering grasses and plants.

Terrace Farming:

Steep slopes foster soil erosion. So steep slopes are terraced and cultivation is practised on terraces or steps to reduce the rate of soil erosion.

Contour Ploughing:

Ploughing along the contours i.e.” transverse to slopes, soil erosion is reduced.

Strip cropping:

On treeless sloping land strips of farmlands are made on which cultivation of pulses, leguminous crops, and groundnut is practised to reduce soil erosion as well as to retain moisture in the soil.

Gully Ploughing:

Gullies or bad land topography is protected from soil erosion by planting trees beside the gullies. Leguminous crops and pulses are also cultivated along the gullies to reduce soil erosion.

Prevention of Jhum cultivation:

Jhum cultivation is practised in the states of Northeastern hills by tribal people.

Through this process, a piece of land is cleared by burning trees and cultivated for 3-4 years after which they shift to another place and cultivate in a similar way.

This method of cultivation is known as the ‘slash and burn’ method or shifting cultivation. As a result, the forest is destroyed and soil erosion takes place rapidly. So it is indispensable to stop Jhum Cultivation to prevent soil erosion.

Concept Mapping

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Natural Vegetation

Naturally growing trees, plants, and grasses are together called Natural Vegetation.

Types Of Natural Vegetation

Based on rainfall, temperature together with soil in India there are five types of Natural Vegetation which are described in a tabular form below:

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Need For Conservation Of Forests

At present, in India, only 19-27% of the Geographical area is under forests. But according to the scientist, the said percentage should be 33 (one-third of the country).

Otherwise, the sustainability of the environment will be in danger. So Forest conservation is indispensable in India.

So that, forest produce will not be disrupted. The wise and scientific method of felling trees is known as Forests conservation.

Measures Of Forest Conservation

The following measures are necessary for the conservation of forests:

Reduction of felling of premature trees:

The feeling of immature trees should be controlled. Only mature trees should be cut.

Prohibition of indiscriminate deforestation:

Unwise felling of trees causes deforestation. So indiscriminate felling of trees should be checked.

Use of alternate source of energy instead of fuel wood:

Cheap and alternate methods of fuel should be used to control the loss of forest wood.

Prevention of forest fire:

Dry leaves and branches should be cleared to control the spread of forest fires.

Control of diseases of forest trees chemically and biologically:

Insecticides and pesticides should be spread to control plant diseases.

Controlled grazing of cattle:

Overgrazing causes the depletion of nursery plants and grassland. So afforestation is delayed.

Afforestation and reforestation:

Instead of felling trees in barren and fallow land trees should be planted and replanted there to check deforestation.

Adaptation of forest management like the felling of mature trees and selective tree felling operations:

For development activities only selected and mature trees from pure stands should be felled. For this purpose, forest management programmes should be undertaken.

People’s participation:

Forest is a natural gift and wealth to men. There is no alternative. So, the active involvement of man is indispensable for the conservation of forests.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Social Forestry And Agro-Forestry

Social Forestry

Social forestry is afforestation outside the forest area in barren and fallow land for the benefit of the economically weaker section of our society.

In this programme, trees are planted beside the canals and rivers, in open spaces of schools, offices and religious places, and along the road and railways.

As a result, the production of wood, fruits, fodder crops and forest products increases as well as unused barren and fallow lands.

Are used for economically profitable purposes leading to the development of the environment as well as a socio-economic field.

Agro-Forestry

Along with cultivations, farmers also plants trees in their fields, pond boundary, open spaces in and around houses, and barren or fallow lands.

This is known as agro-forestry. As a result, farmers can produce agricultural crops as well as wood and forest products commercially thereby increasing their income.

Consequently, the sustainability of the environment is also maintained.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment

Agriculture In India :

Most of the Indian people are agrarian. About half of the total working population of India depends on agriculture. (6% of Japanese and 3% of Americans are agrarian).

Major Characteristics Of Indian Agriculture

Indian agriculture is characterised by the following features:

Subsistance Agriculture:

As India is overpopulated, most of the agricultural produce is used by the Indians and the surplus is insignificant.

This type of agriculture is known as subsistence agriculture and is the main feature of Indian agriculture.

Population Pressure:

The rapid growth of the population is responsible for population pressure on agriculture. So Indian agriculture is labour-intensive.

Predominance Of Population Force:

In Indian agriculture instead of using modern machinery like a tractor, harvester traditional methods of cultivation using animate energy is still in practice.

Dependence On Monsoon Rain:

In most parts of India single cropping is practised using monsoon rain on a seasonal basis.

Use Of Irrigation Water:

In some places with the help of irrigation water multiple cropping (two/three crops) is also practised in India.

Small Size Of Land Holding:

In a labour-intensive subsistence agriculture population pressure is responsible for divided and subdivided holdings added by hereditary inheritance.

As a result, Indian agriculture is characterised by small holdings.

Uncontrolled Uses Of Pesticides And Chemical Fertilizers:

Unwise and unscientific use of insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers leads to the deterioration of the ecosystem including soil and water pollution.

Predominance Of Food Crops:

About 66% of cultivated land is devoted to the production of rice and wheat.

Insignificant Place For Fodder Crops:

Though Indian agriculture depends on animate energy; the cultivation of fodder crops is insignificant so India is scarce in fodder crops.

Variety Of Food Crops:

Multiple cropping is practised here as there is no scope for an Extensive method of farming.

A variety of crops are produced here, such as food crops like rice, wheat, jawar, bajra, ragi, and corn; oilseeds like mustard, groundnut, sunflower etc.

Pulses like a mug, muser, matar, arhar, buli; fibre crops like cotton, jute, mesta and commercial crops like tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane etc.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Classification Of Crops On The Basis Of Uses

There are four types of crops produced in India on the basis of their uses:

Food Crops:

Crops which give nutrients in the diet are known as food crops these are two types

1. Cereals like rice, wheat, oat, jowar, bajra etc. and
2. Pulses like, mug, muser, cola etc.

Fibre Crops:

Crops from which yearn is produced are known as a fibre crop, such as cotton, jute, hemp, mesta etc.

Plantation Crops:

Crops produced in large farms for export are known as Plantation crops such as tea, coffee, rubber etc.

Other Crops:

Other crops produced in India are sugarcane, potato and a variety of fruits, vegetables and oilseeds.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Classification Of Crops On The Basis Of Seasons

According to seasons crops produced in India are of three types:

Kharif Crops

Crops cultivated at the beginning of the rainy season and harvested at the end of autumn are known as Kharif crops, such as aman rice, cotton, sugarcane, jowar, bajra, ragi, corn, groundnut etc.

Rabi Crops

Crops cultivated at the beginning of winter and harvested at the beginning of summer are known as Rabi crops, such as wheat, oat, potato, mustard, pulses etc.

Zaid Crop

Crops cultivated in spring (March) and harvested at the beginning of the rainy season (June) are known as zaid crops, such as watermelon, cucumber, spinach and vegetables.

Major Crops Of India

Rice: Principal food crop of India

Rice is the principal food crop of India accounting for 25% of the cultivated land of the country.

Favourable Geographical Conditions For Rice Production:

Physical Environment

Climate:

A hot and humid climate is ideal for rice cultivation

1. Temperature: Rice cultivation requires 20° to 30°C temperature.
2. Rainfall: 100 to 200 cms rainfall is ideal for rice cultivation.
3. Soils: Fertile loamy soils especially, riverine alluvial soil ideal for rice cultivation.
4. Relief: Level land is ideal because stagnant water is essential for rice cultivation.

Economic Environment

1. Labour: plenty of cheap and skilled labours are required for the ploughing of soil, transplantation of seeds, weeding, harvesting, threshing etc.
2. The facility of modern methods of cultivation: Production of rice increases if machinery, H.Y.V. seeds, fertilizer, insecticides, irrigation water etc. are used in the cultivation of rice.
3. Capital: Large investment is required for the application of modern methods.
4. Market: The demand for rice increases the production of rice.

Distribution

Nearly all the states and union territories of India produce rice, such as

1. West Bengal ranks 1st position (16%) in rice production in India. Leading rice-producing districts are North and South 24 Parganas, Purba and Paschim Medinipur, Jalpaiguri, Barddhaman, Bankura, Birbhum, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur.
2. Ganga Plain of Uttar Pradesh (ranks 2nd position) Godavari and Krishna Delta of Andhra Pradesh (ranks 3rd position), Sutlej Plain of Punjab, Kaveri Delta of
3. Tamil Nadu, Mahanadi valley and delta of Odisha, and Brahmaputra valley of Assam also produce plenty of rice.

Production:

India ranks 2nd position in rice production in the world next to China. In the year 2013-14, India produced about 106 million tonnes of rice.

Trade:

Every year India exports fine-quality rice (Basmati and Dehradun rice) to France, Australia, the U.K., and Germany.

Wheat: Second Important Food Crop

Favourable Geographical Conditions For Wheat Production:

Physical Environment

1. Climate: Dry and cold weather is ideal for wheat cultivation.
2. Temperature: Wheat cultivation requires 15°-20°C. But during ripening time it should be 25°C.
3. Rainfall: 50 cm to 100 cm rainfall is ideal for wheat cultivation.
4. Soils: Fertile heavy Loam or silty soils are necessary for the cultivation of wheat.
5. Relief: Undulating or slightly sloping land is ideal for wheat cultivation.

Economic Environment

1. Labour: The cultivation of wheat is not labour-intensive like rice.
2. Capital: Wheat cultivation requires huge investments as most of the farming operations are done by machines.
3. Fertilizer: Chemical fertilizer like nitrogen, potash, and phosphate is applied.
4. Others: Modern method of farming requires H.Y.V. seeds, insecticides, and agricultural implements.

Distribution

States of North India have suitable climatic conditions for the cultivation of wheat. Uttar Pradesh (ranks first)-Districts of Saharanpur, Etwa, Muzzafarnagar.

Punjab (ranks second position)-Districts of Ferozepur, Ludhiana, Patiala, Bhatinda, Gurudaspur, Madhya Pradesh (ranks third position)-Districts of Sagar, Bidisha, Raisen.

Hisar, Ambala, Rohtak, and Gurgaon (Gurugram) of Haryana produce plenty of wheat. Other States include Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and West Bengal.

Production:

India ranks 2nd position in the production of wheat in the world. In the year 2013-14, India produced about 95 million tonnes of wheat.

Trade :

Some amount of wheat is exported to the neighbouring countries namely, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan.

Millet: Jowar, bajra, and ragi are together, known as Millet which grows in India.

Favourable Geographical Conditions For Cultivation Of Millet:

Millets are hard varieties of crops. Usually, millets grow in poor land where irrigation is not possible.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 WBBSE Solutions

Physical Environment

1. Climate: Millets grow in the rainy season as a Kharif crop, but need not require much water.
2. Temperature and Rainfall: 25-30°C temperature and 30-70 cm rainfall favour the cultivation of millet.
3. Soils: Infertile red soil and dry alluvial soil are used for the cultivation of millet.
4. Relief: Millets grow in plain as well as undulating land.

Economic Environment

1. Labour: Skilled labours are required for sowing, harvesting etc.
2. HYV Secds: HYV seeds are required to increase production.

Distribution

Bajra is the most important millet followed by jowar. Jowar grows well in Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.

Bajra grows in Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Ragi grows well in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

Maharastra ranks first position in jowar production, Rajasthan ranks first position in bajra production and Karnataka ranks first position in Ragi production.

Production Of Major Crops: 2013-14

Source: Economic Survey: 2014-2015 (Govt. of India)

Sugarcane: Cash crop. Sugar, Molasses alcohol are produced from sugarcane.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Favourable Geographical Environment

Physical Environment

1. Climate: Sugarcane grows in the Torrid zone.
2. Temperature and Rainfall: 20°-26°C temperature and 150 cm rainfall are required for sugarcane cultivation.
3. Sea breeze: Salty wind favours sugarcane cultivation.
4. Soils: Fertile loamy soil mixed with lime and salt are favourable for sugarcane cultivation.
5. Relief: Well-drained sloping land is favourable for cotton cultivation.

Economic Environment

1. Labour: Abundant skills are required for clearing land, sowing seeds, harvesting crops etc.
2. Modern transport system: Well-knit quick transport is required for taking sugarcane from the field to the factory within 24 hours to extract sugar.
3. Others: Regular application of fertilizer, and irrigation are also important factors for the cultivation of sugarcane.

Distribution

Uttar Pradesh (ranks first position)-Saharanpur, Faizabad, Bulandshahar, Ajamgarh, Balia, Baranasi. Maharastra (ranks second in production)-Kolhapur, Sholapur, Satara, Pune; Karnataka (Ranks third in production)-Shimoga, Belgaum produce sugarcane.

Champaran, Darbhanga of Bihar; Godavari and Krishna delta of Andhra Pradesh; Amritsar and Jalandhar of Punjab; Ganganagar of Rajasthan; Hisar and Rohtak of Haryana.

Barddhaman, Birbhum, Nadia and Murshidabad of West Bengal are also famous for sugarcane cultivation.

Production:

About 350 million tonnes of sugarcane was produced in India in the year 2013-14.

Trade:

The juice of sugarcane is extracted within 24 hours of its harvesting. So import-export is carried out for sugar.

Cotton: Principal fibre crop of India. 70% of cotton produced in India is used in the production of clothes.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Favourable Geographical Conditions For Cotton Cultivation

Physical Environment

1. Climate: Cotton grows best in Tropical and Subtropical climates.
2. Temperature and Rainfall: 20°-25°C temperature and 60-100 cm rainfall are ideal for cotton cultivation.
3. Sea Breeze: Salty wind favours cotton cultivation.
4. Frost-free days: During its growth, at least 200 frost-free days are required.
5. Soil: Fertile loamy soil mixed with lime, especially black lava soil of the Deccan plateau favours cotton cultivation.
6. Relief: Well-drained plain land is suitable for cotton cultivation.

Economic Environment

1. Labour: Sufficient and cheap labours are required for planting, collecting cotton balls etc.
2. Irrigation: In dry weather, cotton plants are less attacked by insects. So in dry regions, with the help of irrigation cultivation of cotton is better.
3. Insecticides: Cotton balls are often attacked by White flies, Ball weevils.
4. Others: HYV seeds and fertilizer are also essential for better production of cotton.

Distribution

Gujarat (Ranks first in production)-Ahmedabad, Varuch, Vadodara, Surendranagar, Surat; Maharastra (Ranks second in production)-Sholapur, Nasik, Nagpur, Wardha.

Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana)-Guntur, Kurnool, and Anantapur produce cotton abundantly.

Ferozpur, Ludhiana, Jalandhar of Punjab, Ambala, Hisar of Haryana; Ganganagar of Rajasthan; Coimbatore, Madurai of Tamil Nadu, Belgaum, Dharwar of Karnataka, Ujjaini of Madhya Pradesh are also famous for cotton cultivation.

Production:

In the year 2013-14, about 6 million tonnes of sugarcane were produced in India.

Trade:

India holds the second position in the production and export of cotton in the world. India exports cotton to Japan, Germany and other countries.

Tea: Tea is a cheap beverage and is widely used as a mild stimulator.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 WBBSE Solutions

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Favourable Geographical Conditions For Tea Cultivation

Physical Environment

1. Climate: Tea is cultivated, generally, on the mountain slopes of monsoon climate.
2. Temperature: Tea plantation requires an average summer temperature of 27°C.
3. Rainfall: It requires plenty of rainfall, about 150 to 250 cm. annually.
4. Soil: Fertile loamy soils rich in iron are ideal for tea plantations.
5. Relief: Tea plantation requires hill slopes so that water can be easily drained out.

Economic Environment

1. Labour: Skilled labours are required for plucking leaves. Women and children are employed to pluck two leaves and a bud.
2. Fertilizer: Tea plants require the good application of fertilizer to replenish soil fertility as it absorbs nutrients of the soil quickly.
3. Others: Application of modern equipment, organic pesticides, capital, advanced management system and domestic and international demand for tea are important factors in the plantation of tea.

Distribution

In India tea is cultivated in two areas

1. North India,
2. South India.

North India:

About 75% of tea produced in India comes from North India. Assam and West Bengal are two major producers of tea. Asam-The state holds 1st position in the production of tea in India.

Important tea-producing districts are Darang, Shibsagar, Lakhimpur and Kachhar. About 50% of the country’s production is contributed by Assam. West Bengal-The state ranks 2nd position in tea production in India.

About 22-23% of tea produced in India is contributed by West Bengal. Darjeeling district produces the best quality flavoured tea in the world.

Terai and Duars of Jalpaiguri and Koch Bihar districts also produce tea. Other states of North India-Hills of Tripura, Ranchi and Hazaribag of Jharkhand, Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh, Dehradun and Garwal of Uttarakhand.

South India:

South India contributes about 20% of the country’s total production of tea. In south India, tea is produced on the hill slopes of Nilgiri, Cardamom, Palni, Anaimalai etc.

Important tea-producing centres are Coimbatore and Nilgiri in Tamil Nadu; Chikmagalur, Coorg and Hasan of Karnataka, and Quilon (Kollam) of Kerala. Tamil Nadu ranks 3rd position in the production of tea in India.

Production:

In the year 2013-14, India produced nearly 1 million tons of tea.

Trade:

About 1/3rd of world tea is produced in India. About 1/5th of Indian tea is exported to the U.K., Russia, Iran, and Pakistan. Most of the Indian tea is exported through Kolkata port.

Coffee: Coffee is prepared by frying and grinding the berriés of the coffee plant.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Favourable Geographical Conditions For Coffee Plantation

Physical Environment

1. Climate: Coffee grows well in equatorial climates as well as in hot and humid tropical climates.
2. Temperature: coffee plant requires 20°-30°C temperature.
3. Rainfall: Coffee plants need very high rainfall of 150-200 cm.
4. Soil: coffee tree thrives best on red loamy

Economic Environment

1. Labour: Plenty of workers are required for plantation, picking of berries, frying and grinding of berries.
2. Others: Advance management including plantation, packaging and exporting are all important factors for coffee cultivation.

Distribution

Most Indian Coffee is produced in South India. Karnataka- the state ranks 1st position (70%) in coffee production in India. Important coffee-producing districts are Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Hasan, Mysore etc.

Kerala:

About 20-22% of coffee plantations are in Kerala which ranks 2nd position in coffee production in India. Important plantations are Palghat, Kottayam, Aleppi etc.

Tamil Nadu:

About 9% of the country’s coffee plantations are in Tamil Nadu which ranks 3rd position in coffee production in India.

Madurai, Salem, and Coimbatore are famous for coffee production. Other coffee-producing states are Maharastra, Tripura, Andaman-Nicobar Islands etc.

Production:

In the year 2013-14, India produced about 3 million tonnes of coffee. Trade-India exports coffee to the USA, France, Germany and Australia.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Problems Of Indian Agriculture And Their Solutions

Problems:

Dependency on Monsoon rain-Indian agriculture mostly depends on the vagaries of monsoon rainfall. In most of the fields only one crop, single cropping is cultivated in the rainy season.

Solution:

With the application of irrigation, multiple cropping is now practised.

Problems:

The traditional method of cultivation-Yield rate is low as agriculture is mostly practised by traditional methods.

Solution:

The yield rate may be increased by the application of HYV seeds, fertilizer, and modern implements and by training farmers to cultivate using modern methods.

Problems:

Small holdings-Indian holdings are small, so it is not possible to use modern technology.

Solution:

Agriculture should be practised through a cooperative system by the consolidation of small holdings.

Problem:

Landless farmer-Most of Indian farmers do not have their own land.

Solution:

The government is now trying to make the tillers, owners of the lands by law of the Land Reform Ordinance.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Solutions

Causes Of Agricultural Prosperity In Punjab Haryana-A Case Study

Punjab-Haryana, located in North-West India is the most important agriculturally rich area. This is the best wheat belt in India. Plenty of rice, cotton, and sugarcane are also produced here. Not only in India, but the region is also one of the highest producers of wheat, rice and sugarcane in the world. The causes of such tremendous development are:

Climate

The states of Punjab and Haryana are located in a Sub-tropical climate which is ideal for wheat cultivation. Western disturbance also gives winter rain which helps in the cultivation of wheat including other rabi crops.

Soil

The fertile alluvial soil of the plains of Punjab-Haryana favours the cultivation of wheat, rice, cotton, and sugarcane.

Irrigation

The irrigation facility has been extended to dry parts of this region. Well and tube well irrigation also helps in agriculture. Perennial canals of the Bhakra-Nangal multipurpose river valley project also irrigate wide areas of this region.

Impact Of the Green Revolution

In Indian agriculture, Green Revolution was initiated in Pubjab-Haryana during the late ’60s and early ’70s. Its impact was maximum on wheat cultivation and also on the cultivation of rice, cotton and sugarcane.

Consequently, there was a tremendous increase in the production of wheat, as well as rice, cotton and sugarcane.

Use Of Modern Technology:

Chemical fertilizers, insecticides and modern machinery like tractors, and harvesters are widely used.

Capital :

Most of the farmers of this region are financially rich.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Industries In India

The Process by which raw material is changed into a useful secondary product is called Industry.

Though India is an agricultural country, industrial progress in India has placed her in a leading position among developing countries. Important industries in India are:

1. The textile industry, namely cotton and jute,
2. Iron and steel industry,
3. Engineering industry,
4. Petro-chemical industry,
5. Automobile industry and
6. Information technology.

Factors Affecting The Location Of Industries

Factors favourable to the location of an industry are :

1. Raw Material:

Raw material plays an important role in localising industries. Raw materials are of two types

1. Impure raw material-raw materials which lose weight after production are known as impure raw materials, such as sugarcane, copper ore, iron ore etc. Industries using impure raw materials are, generally, located near the raw material-producing region.
2. Pure raw material-There are some raw materials which do not lose their weight after production. These are known as pure raw materials, such as cotton, etc etc. Industries using pure raw materials may develop either near raw materials or far away in the market area.

2. Water:

Industries are, usually, set up near rivers, and lakes so as to get a supply of water for industrial activities as well as for the workers also.

3. Electricity:

A cheap and regular supply of electricity is essential for the uninterrupted production of industries. So, Industries prefer locations near the source or availability of electricity.

4. Transport:

Location of industry prefers a well-knit transport system to collect raw materials, marketing of finished goods and for movements of labours.

5. Labour:

The availability of cheap and skilled labours also controls the location of industries.

6. Market:

Market or demand for finished goods plays a vital role in setting up industries. Without the demand for products, the industry can not be set up.

7. Capital:

Monetary affluence is essential for the purchase of land, the establishment of factories, the collection of raw materials, the payment of wages of workers etc.

In addition, favourable climate and advanced technology also play important roles in localising industries.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Solutions

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Classification Of Industries On The Basis Of Nature Of Raw Materials

Based on the nature of raw materials, industries are divided into four groups

1. Agro-based industry,
2. Animal-based industry,
3. Forest-based industry and
4. Mineral-based industry.

Causes Of Development Of Industries

Iron and Steel Industry :

The iron and steel industry plays an important role in the economic upliftment of a developing country like India. The principal raw materials of the iron and steel industry are coal, iron ore, limestone, and manganese.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Causes Of Development Of Iron And Steel Industry In India

In India, large-scale integrated iron and steel factories are located in two areas:

East-Central India

Important iron and steel centres are Kulti-Burnpur and Durgapur of West Bengal; Bokaro and Jamshedpur of Jharkhand; Bhilai of Chhattisgarh and Rourkela of Odisha. The causes of the development of these factories are :

Availability Of Raw Materials:

Coal is supplied from Raniganj, Jharia, Giridih, Karanpura, Bokaro, and Talcher; iron ore from Gua, Noamundi, Badampahar, Bonai, Dalli-Rajhara, Bailadila; limestone from Birmitrapur, Daltongunj, Bhabnathpur; dolomite and manganese from Sambalpur, Gangpur and Sundargarh.

Water:

Water is supplied from the rivers Damodar, Barakar, Subarnarekha and Kharkai.

Electricity:

Korba, Talcher, Bokaro, Patratu, and Mejia power stations supply electricity to these factories.

Transport Facility:

Eastern and south-eastern railways and National Highways help in transporting raw materials and finished goods.

Port:

Nearness to the ports Kolkata, Haldia and Paradwip provide import-export facilities.

South India

Iron and steel centres of this region are Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh, Bijoynagar and Bhadrabati of Karnataka and Salem of Tamil Nadu. The following factors are responsible for the development of the iron and steel industry in this region.

Raw Material:

Iron ore of Bellari-Hospet, Cudappa, Kurnool, Babubadan hills, Salem and Tiruchirapalli; coal of Singareni, Neively; manganese of Shimoga, Chitradurg; limestone and dolomite of Salem and Tiruchirapalli are used in these factories.

Water:

River Tungabhadra and Bhadra and Stanly reservoirs provide water.

Electricity:

Thermal power plants of Ramgundam and Neively and hydel plants of the Tungabhadra project and Sarabati project supply electricity.

Port:

Nearness to Visakhapattanam, Marmagaon, Chennai, Mangalore and Tuticorin helps in the export-import of the factories.

Cotton Textile Industry:

Cotton textile is the single largest industry in India. Raw cotton is the principal raw material of this industry. Caustic soda, starch or arrowroot, and dyes are also used as raw materials.

Causes Of Development Of Cotton Textile Industry In India Vst.

The Cotton Textile Industries Of India Are Located In Four Regions:

Western Region

Important centres of this region are Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Sholapur, Akola, Jalgaon of Maharastra; Ahmedabad (Manchester of India), Surat, and Jamnagar.

Rajkot, Vadodara of Gujarat, Indore, Bhopal of Madhya Pradesh. The following factors are responsible for the development of these factories :

1. Locally available cotton of ‘Black Soil Region’.
2. Humid Climate of the Region.
3. Hydel power of Western Ghats.
4. Nearness to the ports of Mumbai, and Kandla.
5. Capital invested by Parsi, and Bhutia businessmen.

Southern Region

Important centres are located at Coimbatore, Chennai, Madurai, and Salem of Tamil Nadu; Quilon (Kollam), Cochi, Kojhikod of Kerala, Hyderabad, Guntur of Telengana-Andhra Pradesh, Bengaluru, Mysore of Karnataka.

The causes of the development of factories are:

1. Cotton of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
2. Hydel power of Mettur, Shivasamudram, and Nagarjunsagar power plants.
3. Nearness to the ports of Cochi, Chennai Tuticorin etc.
4. The well-knit transport system,
5. Local market.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Solutions

Northern Region

Important centres are Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar of Punjab; Hisar of Haryana; Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota of Rajasthan; Kanpur, Allahabad of Uttar Pradesh; Delhi.

The causes of the development of these factories are;

1. Good quality cotton is produced in this region with the help of irrigation.
2. A large market for cotton goods in North India.
3. Well-knit transport system.
4. Locally available cheap and skilled labours.

Eastern Region

Impotant centres are Haora, Sreerampur, Phuleswar of West Bengal; Patna, Gaya of Bihar; Cuttack, Bhubaneswar of Odisha.

The causes of the development of these centres are:

1. Huge demand for cotton cloth in Eastern India.
2. The electricity of Bandel, Titagarh, Barauni, and Talcher power plants.
3. Eastern and South-eastern railways and National Highway to transport cotton from Western India.
4. Nearness to the ports of Kolkata, Haldia and Paradwip.
5. Availability of local cheap labours.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Engineering Industry

The industry which produces a wide range of machinery and associated steel products is called Engineering Industry.

It is also known as the Mechanical or Public Work Industry. The engineering industry can be classified into two types

1. Heavy Engineering and
2. Light Engineering Industry.

Heavy Engineering industries produce machines needed in various large-scale manufacturing industries.

Light Engineering industries produce precision machinery, light machinery, camera, radio, television, watches, electrical fans etc.

Important Engineering Centres Of India

Locomotive Industry:

Chittaranjan in West Bengal, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Jamshedpur in Jharkhand, Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh.

Ship Building Industry:

Kolkata (Garden Reach) in West Bengal, Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Mumbai (Majgaon) in Maharastra and Cochi in Kerala.

Aircraft Industry:

Bengaluru in Karnataka, Koraput in Odisha, Nasik in Maharastra, and Hyderabad in Telangana.

Heavy Machinery:

Hatia near Ranchi in Jharkhand, Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh, Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.

Heavy Electrical Equipment:

Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, Hardwar in Uttarakhand Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Causes Of Development Of These Industries Are

1. Iron and steel is the raw material for these industries. So they are located near iron and steel centres.
2. Some of the centres have developed away from the iron and steel industry. In that case, they depend on either the transport system or the port facility.
3. Availability of skilled labours and advanced technology.
4. Easy availability of electricity.
5. Marketing facility for finished goods.
6. Government incentives.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Petrochemical Industry

Industry in which Naptha, the by-product of petroleum and natural gas is used to produce chemicals and compounds like Propane, Butane, Ethane, Methane, hexane, Pentane, Benzol, Butadine, Ethanal.

Propylene and these compounds are used to produce items like artificial fibre (polyester, nylon etc.), plastic, paints, synthetic rubber, pesticides, resins, and perfumes are called the Petrochemical industry.

Causes Of Development Of the Petro-Chemical Industry

Petro-chemical Industry has developed in India in four regions:

1. Western Region:

Important Petrochemical centres of this region are Nagothane of Maharastra; Vadodara, Kayali, Hajira, and Jamnagar of Gujarat. The advantages of these centres are:

1. By-products of oil refineries of Kayali, Trombay, and Jamnagar are used as raw materials.
2. Supply of sufficient electricity, well-knit transport system, large market, cheap and skilled labours.

2. Southern Region:

Important centres of this region are Chennai and Tuticorin of Tamil Nadu; Mangalore of Karnataka. The advantages of this region are:

1. Availability of raw materials from oil refineries of Chennai and Mangalore.
2. The port facility of Chennai, Tuticorin, Mangalore.
3. Local market.
4. Well-knit transport system.
5. Skilled labours.

3. Eastern Region:

Important centres of this region are Bongaigaon of Assam; Haldia of West Bengal. The causes of the development of these centres are:

1. Availability of raw materials from the oil refineries of Haldia in West Bengal, Digboi, Nunmati and Bongaigaon of Assam.
2. Well-knit transport system.
3. Nearness to Haldia and Kolkata port.

4. Northern Region:

Important centres of this region are Panipath of Haryana; Auraiya of Uttar Pradesh and Payal of Punjab. The advantages of these centres are :

1. Availability of raw materials from the oil refineries of Mathura, Panipat and Bhatinda.
2. Well-knit transport system through railways and roadways.
3. Availability of electricity.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Automobile Industry

Automobile Industry produces buses, trucks, jeeps, motorcars etc.

 Causes Of Development Of Automobile Centres :

Two types of vehicles are produced in India

1. Commercial Vehicles and
2. Passenger Vehicles.

1. Commercial Vehicles:

Centres of manufacturing commercial vehicles are located at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand; Chennai in Tamil Nadu, Pune in Maharastra; Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh.

2. Passenger Vehicles:

Centres manufacturing Passenger Vehicles are located at Gurgaon (Gurugram) in Haryana; Hindmotor near Kolkata in West Bengal; Mumbai, Chennai; Bengaluru; Surajpur in Uttar Pradesh; Pimpri near Pune.

There are also many factories in India which produce scooters, bicycles, auto-rickshaws etc. These factories are located in Delhi, Chennai, Lucknow, Kanpur, Mumbai, Pune, Satara, Bangaluru, Hyderabad, Faridabad etc.

Factors responsible for the development of such industries are :

1. These factories use iron and steel as raw materials. So these factories are located near iron and steel factories, such as Jamshedpur, Kolkata, and Chennai.
2. The ancillary industry (like tyres, tubes, batteries etc.) develops near these factories.
3. These factories develop near the port cities to get the port facilities, such as Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata.
4. In recent years these factories are also developed near markets, such as Gurugram, Pune, and Bengaluru.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Information Technology

Information Technology is the activities related to storing, retrieving, transmitting and manipulating data for human needs through computers and telecommunication equipment.

The information technology industry involves all the work related to information technology, such as computer hardware, internet, e-commerce telecom equipment, computer services etc.

 Causes Of Development Of the Information Technology Industry In India :

In India, there are nine information technology centres. These are Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, Kolkata, Thiruvananthapuram and Noida (Delhi). Bangaluru is not only of India but of the whole world’s best centre of Information Technology. Bengaluru is known as the ‘Silicon Valley’ of India. Cause as of such development are :

1. These cities are advanced in the industry, research and educational centre.
2. Necessary scientific and technical help is easily available.
3. Necessary infrastructural facilities like land, electricity, water supply, and sewerage system are provided by the local administration.
4. Multinational companies in our country as well as abroad invest abundant capital.
5. Not only the domestic market, USA and European markets also provide large markets.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Indian Population

India, one of the most populous countries in the world has entered the 21st century with global recognition of its importance as a Regional Economic Power.

Brief Overview Of Census :

Census is the counting and activities related to the counting of the population. It is a systematic way of collecting, analysing and officially recording of population.

It is very much important for its counting, distribution and density which, in turn, play an important role in running the Government smoothly. The first census in India was carried out in 1872.

Since 1881 it is carried out every 10 years. The last census has been carried out in 2011 the next census will be made in 2021.

Basic Demographic Information About the Population Of India

India is the second most populous country. India with a total population of 121 crores 1 lakh 93 thousand and 422 people as of the 2011 census is the home of 17.5% of the world’s population; though she accounts for only 2-42% of the total area of the world.

It reflects population pressure on land in India.

Fact At Your Fingertips:

Demographic Information of Indian Population (2011)

Source: Economic Survey:2614-15 (Govt. of India)

Concept Of Population Growth And Sustainable Development

The concept of Sustainable Development was accepted by the developed countries of the West in the decade of 1970.

Sustainable development is possible when population growth will keep pace with the supply of the resource in the country.

But overpopulation or population explosion will create excessive population pressure on land which, ultimately, leads to detrimental changes to water, air, soil and other non-renewable resources on the earth.

Consequently, there will be a great challenge to the existence of man, animals, plants, agriculture, industry, and culture leading to a threat to the civilisation and sustainability of a pollution-free environment.

The time has come to save the earth to provide a fair shelter for future generations. and this can only be achieved with a mission of Sustainable Development.

In 1901 population of India was about 24 crores. After 100 years, in 2001 it increased to nearly 103 crores i.e. with the rate of 330%.

In the last census of 2011, it was 121-01 crores. So in near future in India, it will be difficult to maintain the sustainability of progress and development unless the growth rate of the population is lowered or restricted within the limit of natural resources.

Factors Influencing Regional Distribution Of Population In India

The distribution of the population in India is very much uneven. Such uneven regional population distribution is due to the following factors:

1. Physical factors which influence: The distribution of population in India are

Landform:

The population is high in the Gangetic plains and in the river valleys of the south due to flat land. But it is low on high mountains and over the plateaus because of rugged topography.

Rivers:

River valleys of Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri provide a regular supply of water to the industries, and farmlands; for navigation, irrigation as well as drinking purposes.

Climate:

The coastal location of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala are densely populated because of the congenial climate whereas the desert in Rajasthan is sparsely populated due to the extreme types of climate.

Soils:

The population is dense in the black cells of Maharastra and the fertile soils of river valleys.

Natural Vegetation:

Forested areas of the western slopes of the Western Ghats and foothills of the Himalayas do not provide any room for settlements.

Minerals:

Mining towns have developed in the Deccan plateau and in the Chota Nagpur plateau for job facilities.

2. Economic factors which influence: The distribution of population are

Transport System:

The Plains of North India are well populated for the road-rail network as well as waterways.

Industries:

Hugli Industrial Region or Asansol Industrial Region are well populated as the industries provide jobs to many people.

3. Cultural factors like the conversion of dry and fallow land into fertile green land are good examples of population concentration. Green Revolution has changed the scenario of Punjab, Haryana and east Rajasthan.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Concept Of Density Of Population

The density of the population indicates population pressure on land which is very much high in India. It is derived as:

map

According to the 2011 census, the density of the population in India is 382 persons per sq. km.

Amongst 29 states, the density of population is highest in Bihar (1102/sq. km), West Bengal has the second highest density (1029/sq km) and Kerala is the third in the density of population (859/sq. km) in India.

Amongst Union Territories, the density of the population is highest in Delhi (11,282/sq km) Amongst the states of India, the density of the population is lowest in Arunachal Pradesh.

Density regions

Based on the density of population, 29 states and 7 unions Territories of India may be grouped into four probable density regions

1. The thickly populated region includes 7 states like Bihar, West Bengal etc. and 5 union territories like Delhi, Chandigarh, Puducherry etc. where the density of
2. the population is above 500 persons per square km.
3. The moderately populated region includes 10 states like Jharkhand, Assam, Goa etc. where the density of population is 251-500 persons per square km.
4. The thinly populated region includes 9 states like Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Meghalaya etc. where the density of the population is 101-250 persons per square km.
5. The sparsely populated region includes the states of Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim and the Union Territory of Andaman Nicobar Island where the density of population is 100 persons or less per square km.

Causes Of Urbanisation

A Town may be defined as a settlement which has factories, pucca houses and metalled roads, a good transport network with the facilities of water and electricity supply and is inhabited by people engaged in non-agricultural activities.

A town with a population of at least 1 lakh is called a city. A city with a population of more than 10 lacks is called Metropolis.

Various physical and economic causes, either, individually or in combination are responsible for urbanisation, such as

1. The administrative centre may gradually develop into a town like Chandigarh.
2. Mining centres like Asansol,
3. Communication centres like Siliguri,
4. An industrial centre like Jamshedpur,
5. Naval bases like Meerut,
6. Religious centres like Varanasi,
7. Health Resort likes Darjeeling.
8. Centre of education and culture like Aligarh,
9. A historical centre like Agra,
10. Trading centres like Hapur in Uttar Pradesh,
11. Tourist centres like Shimla and
12. Port-like Paradwip.

Problems Of Urbanisation In India

Since independence, due to the rapid growth of population, the existing towns and cities are expanding in India as well as settlements centring industries and ports are transforming into new towns and cities.

At present, most of the cities and towns are facing problems like unplanned urbanisation-excepting cities like Chandigarh most of the Indian towns and cities have developed in an unplanned manner.

So houses, offices, institutions etc. have developed haphazardly in a town or a city. So these towns and cities are clumsy and deteriorating.

1. People’s Tendency To Settle In Cities:

To lead a better lifestyle, job opportunities and developed civil services are more in cities and towns than in villages.

So most Indians prefer urban centres for their dwellings. This leads to scarcity of space, the formation of slums and squatters and the spread of diseases.

2. Lack Of Infrastructure:

Population pressure on land results in weak infrastructure. Most of the cities and towns are facing the problems of lack of infrastructure and crises in health, education, electricity and drainage, and sewerage system.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Transport And Communication System Of India

The movement of goods and passengers from one place to another by vehicles through different routes is known as Transportation.

The exchange of news and information is known as Communication. Letters, telephone, telegram, internet are the mode of transport.

Importance Of Transport

In a developing country like India, the transport network is important like an arterial system of the human body. It is so important because,

1. Development Of Domestic And International Trade:

Import-export activities of different parts of the country as well as with other countries are only possible through a good transport network.

2. Development Of Industries:

The transport system plays a vital role to carry raw materials and finished goods from an industry.

3. Distribution Of Resource In Every Corner Of A Country:

The transport system is indispensable for the distribution of cotton goods, and food grain in different parts of the country.

4. Extraction of natural resources:

To extract minerals and collection of forest products transport system is very much necessary.

5. To combat natural calamity:

Without a well-knit transport system, it is not possible to combat calamities like floods, droughts, cyclones, tsunamis and earthquakes.

6. Development of backward areas, defence of the country, development of education and culture and development of tourism mostly depend on the good transport network of a country.

Modes Of Transport

Modes or different routes of transport in India are as follows:

Importance Of Railways And Roadways:

Railways

Railways in India were initiated with the construction of 33-6 km long railway lines between Mumbai and Thane on 16th April 1853.

Now it has been extended to about 65,000 km India ranks 1st position in Asia and 2nd position in the World railway system. Railways play an important role as follows:

1. Railways play an important role in the internal transport system because it is only possible for railways to transport heavy and bulky items in remote places of India and it is also a cheap and quick means of transportation.
2. Agricultural progress in India depends on railways because excess agricultural products of one region are transported quickly to the regions where there is scarcity.
3. There is no alternative to bringing raw materials to the factory and sending finished goods to the market quickly.
4. Ports are connected with different parts of India by railways. So Railways play an important role in the import-export trade of India.
5. Railways also play an important role in defence, sending various items to disaster-prone areas.

Roadways

In roadways, India ranks 3rd. position in the world. The total length of roadway in India is about 44 lacks 20 thousand km.

Roadways play an important role in the overall development of a developing country like India, because of the development of rural areas (villages are connected with roadways), utilisation of minerals, and development of the hilly regions.

Development in trade and deference mostly depend on roadways. Roadways are of different types-National Highway, State Highways, District Highways, Village roads etc.

National Highway

National Highways connect one end to another end of the country. It is about 70 thousand 934 km long in India. It is maintained by Central Government.

It connects major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. It includes two important parts

1. Golden Quadrilateral and
2. North-South and East-West Corridor.

1.Golden Quadrilateral:

In 1999, India Government undertook a project, namely, National ‘Highways Development Project’ in which there was a plan to connect four metropolises, Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai by Six lane National Highways.

This is known as Golden Quadrilateral. The project was completed by 31st May 2005. Under this project, the length of the roadway was 5846 km.

2. North-South And East-West Corridor:

Along with the Golden Quadrilateral, India 20 Government undertook another project to connect Srinagar in the north to Kanniyakumari.

In the south and Silchar in the east to Porbandar in the west by National Highways, the length of which is 7300 km.

There are many National Highways in India, such as Grand Trunk Road (NH-2), Kolkata-Mumbai (NH-6), Agra-Mumbai (NH-3), Mumbai–Chennai (NH-4) etc.

State Highways:

State Highways extend within the state boundaries and are connected with National Highways. These are under State Government.

The total length of State Highways is 1 lakh 32 thousand km. Example. Assam Link Road, Jessore Road in North 24 Parganas etc.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Waterways

The cheapest mode of transport is the waterway. Except can always there is no constructional cost for the waterway. Waterways are of two types

1. Inland waterway and,
2. Coastal (Sea) waterway. It also saves fuel costs.

Inland Waterway

Navigable rivers, lakes and lagoons, canals are used as waterways in India. The Inland waterway in India estimates at about 14,500 km.

River includes 3700 km and canals include a 4300 km route in which a steamer is used for the transport of passengers in canals. Boats are used for transport in rivers as well as canals.

Coastal (Sea) waterways

The peninsular location of India helps International trade with Egypt, Greece, and Rome through coastal waterways since ancient times. At present, in India, there are 12 ports in coastal locations. These are:

East coast:

1. Kolkata-Haldia (West Bengal),
2. Paradwip (Odisha),
3. Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh),
4. Chennai (Tamil Nadu),
5. Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu),
6. Ennore (Tamil Nadu).

West Coast:

1. Kandla (Gujarat),
2. Mumbai (Maharastra),
3. Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Maharastra),
4. Marmagaon (Goa),
5. Mangalore (Karnataka) and
6. Cochi (Kerala).

Airways

Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. Remote places, rugged terrain, desert, and jungles all are accessible by airways. Indian airway is of two types

1. Domestic or National Airways and
2. International Airways.

Domestic Airways

Alliance Airline under ‘Indian Airlines Corporation’ operates domestic Aircraft. IndiGo, Jet Airways, Go Air, and Spicejet are private organisations which operate domestic aircraft.

Domestic airports are Koch Bihar, Balurghat, Bagdogra, Andal in West Bengal; Dehradun, Panthnagar in Uttarakhand; Agartala in Tripura; Tuticorin, Salem, Madurai in Tamil Nadu; Hirakund, Bhubaneswar, Berhampore in Odisha.

Dimapur in Nagaland, Aizawl in Mizoram; Imphal in Manipur; Sholapur, Ratnagiri, Nasik, Kolapur, Jalgaon in Maharastra; Jabbalpur in Madhya Pradesh; Mysore, Belgaon in Karnataka; Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad in Jharkhand.

Jammu in Jammu and Kashmir; Kulu, Shimla, Kangra in Himachal Pradesh; Surat, Rajkot, Porbandar, Bhavnagar, Kandla, Vadodara in Gujarat; Diu in Daman and Diu.

Raipur in Chhattisgarh; Patna in Bihar; Tejpur, Dhubri, Dibrugarh in Assam; Port Blair in Andaman Nicobar Islands.

International Airways

Air India, Government airways operate International Airways. International airports (Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose) are Kolkata (Dum Dum) in West Bengal; Hyderabad in Telangana; Guwahati in Assam.

Gaya in Bihar; New Delhi; Ahmedabad in Gujarat; Bangaluru and Mangalore in Karnataka; Cochi, Kojhikod and Tiruvanantapuram in Kerala; Bhopal and Indore in Madhya Pradesh; Mumbai, Nagpur.

Pune in Maharastra; Shillong in Meghalaya; Jaipur in Rajasthan; Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu, Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh, Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Bhubaneswar in Odisha and Amritsar in Punjab.

Other Transportation System

In the transport system of India ropeway, pipeline and underground railways (metro) also play very important roles.

Ropeway:

Ropeway is used to access difficult places where railways and roadways cannot reach. It is used in the Damodar Valley coal belt, and in Darjeeling, Joshimath, and Hardwar for recreation.

Pipeline:

Mineral oil and natural gas are transmitted by pipelines. Through pipelines, petroleum is transported from oil fields to oil refineries. A pipeline connects Haldia and Barauni, Naharkatia and Barauni etc.

Underground Railway:

To avoid crowds on roadways underground railway or metro started first in Kolkata. Now it is operating in Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, and Hyderabad.

WBBSE Chapter 5 India Economic Environment Modern Communication System

The ancient mode of communication was the Postal facility which is a very much slow means of communication. To keep pace with the fast lifestyle, modern modes of communication systems have evolved, such as

1. Internet,
2. E-mail and
3. Cell-phone.

1. Internet:

World wide Communication system is known as the Internet. At present about 100 countries are connected through Internet systems.

Vannevar Bush, Norbert Wiener and Marshall McLuhan are the founders of this concept. Since 1990, the Internet system was spread out in India.

The medium of Internet communication is satellite and telecommunication systems. The Internet system is the quickest and cheapest communication system.

2. E-mail:

Electronic mail or e-mail is an important part of the Internet communication system. News is sent to any place in the world within a second.

3. Cell phone:

This is a mobile wireless communication system. SMS (Short Message Service), MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service), and Mobile banking are special features of cell- phones.

WBBSE Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery And Topographical Map

Satellite imagery consists of images of Earth or other planets collected by satellites. Imaging satellites are operated by governments and businesses around the world.

It is part of Remote sensing and is actually scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object.

It refers to Arial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth by means of propagated signals.

WBBSE Notes For Class 10 Geography And Environment

General Concept Of Satellite And Topographical Map :

The artificial satellites placed in orbits in space are attached with high-power cameras or sensors. It collects images of different parts of the earth. These images are known as Satellite images.

Some parts of the sunrays reflected back to space. During the images taken from satellites, these reflected sunrays are used as electromagnetic radiation by the camera or sensor.

Topographical Map

Topographical maps are prepared on the basis of detailed su

very of physical (relief, river) and cultural (settlement, transport) elements of our region and shown with conventional signs and symbols drawn to a scale.

Topographical maps, thus depend on primary data collected by surveying.

WBBSE Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery And Topographical Map Differences Between Satellite Imagery And Topographical Map

WBBSE Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery And Topographical Map Uses Of Different Types Of Scale On Topographical Map

To survey every part of India, Survey of India has divided our country into three divisions according to scale.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Important Questions

Large Scale Division

A survey of India has divided India into 135 grids based on 4° latitudes and 4° longitudes. These are large-scale maps and their scale is 1 cm to 10 km (RF = 1: 10,00,000). This is known as the Million sheet map. Example. Grid No. 64.

Medium Scale Division

Each degree of the large-scale map (4° x 4°) is divided into 16 grids (1° x 1°) which are marked from Letters A to P of the English Alphabet.

The scale of this type of map is 1 cm to 2.5 km (R.F. = 1: 25,0000). These are known as Degree Sheets. Example. One small grid of No. 64 grid is D (64D).

Class 10 Geography Environment Notes Pdf

Small Scale Division

1° is again subdivided into 16 grids (15’x15′) which are marked from 1-16 digits. The scale of this map is 1 cm to 2 km (R.F. = 150,000). These are known as 15′ (Fifteen minutes) sheets. The smallest grid of 64D is 4. So Index No. of the map is 64 D/4.

WBBSE Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery And Topographical Map Steps In Acquisition Of Satellite Image

Processes of preparing satellite images from information collected by artificial satellites involve the following steps:

First Step:

In this step, an artificial satellite consisting digital camera or sensor is placed at a specific height above the earth’s surface.

Second Step:

Sensors collect sunrays reflected from various objects and store them in digital form in different Bands on the basis of their Brightness Value (intensity).

Third Step:

Collected digital information is then transmitted to the Ground station and propagated through different impulses.

Fourth Step:

Errors, if any, defects in the information are corrected and images are prepared from that modified information based on the new Brightness Value (intensity).

Fifth Step:

With the help of a Geographical Information System (GIS), various geographical maps like agricultural maps, forest maps, and soil maps are prepared from those images.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Solutions

The colour of different objects is expressed in another colour in a satellite image. This is known as False Colour Composite.

The blue colour of an object changes to green, green changes to red and red changes to infrared colour in satellite images.

WBBSE Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery And Topographical Map Characteristic Of Satellite Image

Important features of satellite images are :

Satellite images are prepared by information collected by artificial satellites placed in space.

1. This is a high-tech system.
2. Satellite images are prepared according to a definite scale.
3. Latitudinal and longitudinal extents are marked on satellite images.
4. The collection of information on date and time is mentioned on the map.
5. The diversity of landforms is expressed in definite colours. The dense forest is represented by deep red colour, green field is expressed by a reddish tint.
6. a yellow paddy field is represented by darkish red, marshy land is represented by sky blue, fallow land (laterite) is represented by green colour, and rivers and ponds are represented by deep blue colour.
7. Agricultural land and settlements are of geometric shapes like circular, square, rectangle etc.

WBBSE Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery And Topographical Map Uses Of Satellite Image And Its Importance

In the modern age satellite images are very important and widely used :

1. One satellite image gives an idea of a vast region (30,000 sq. km).
2. It saves time as well as money.
3. As information is expressed in digital numbers, these are easily used on computers.
4. As these images are prepared repeatedly within 16 to 22 days, changes in the objects are easily identified.
5. Sudden changes in weather conditions are easily depicted in satellite images. So, the weather forecast is accurate.
6. The location of resources is identified in this map. So investigation of minerals becomes easier.
7. Information regarding the conservation of resources, forestry, regional planning, the latest position in wars, changes in the river course, and landslides are identified accurately. Proper planning may be taken in time.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes

Comparison Of Satellite Image And Topographical Map Of the Same Area

To compare both the Satellite image and Topographical map of the same region is shown here side by side :

1. To the Southwestern part of the topographical map, there is a forested highland (closely spaced contours represent the highland). That area in the satellite image is
2. deep red coloured.
3. The rest of the Topographical map is yellow coloured. It is represented by a green colour on a satellite map.
4. Water bodies and rivers are shown in light blue colour and settlements are shown in red colour in Topographical map.
5. But in a Satellite map water bodies and rivers are represented as deep green colour and settlements as grey or ash colour in Satellite map.

WBBSE Chapter 4 Waste Management Concept Of Waste Management

Concept Waste With Reference To Locality :

Wastes are those materials that are thrown away or discarded as no longer useful or required.

Actually, wastes are substances or objects that are not the primary products for which the user has no further use in terms of production, and consumption but the user wants to dispose of them.

Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, consumption of final products, and other human activities.

WBBSE Notes For Class 10 Geography And Environment

So wastes are unwanted or unusable solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. These are substances that are discarded after primary use or they are, either worthless, defective, and of no use.

At home, you may find household wastes that are thrown into the waste bin every day. In the locality, you may also find commercial wastes thrown away by factories, offices, institutions, hospitals, etc. Wastes are also seen in slum and squatter areas.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 4 Solutions

Wastes like flowers, fruits, and vegetables are also found near the marketplaces as well as found as debris near the places of demolition as well as construction like wood, concrete, bricks, and electrical wiring.

All these websites locally pollute our environment.

WBBSE Chapter 4 Waste Management Classification Of Wastes

Wastes are of three types

1. Solid,
2. Liquid and
3. Gaseous.

Solid Wastes:

Solid waste means garbage, old tires, scrap metal, broken furniture and toys, construction and demolition debris, asbestos, plastic, broken glass, paper, tube, ash, plastic bottles, cans, etc.

Liquid Wastes:

These are fluids, such as wastewater, fats, oils, or grease (FOG), manure, and household liquids such as urine water, detergent water, and sewage.

Gaseous Wastes:

It is a waste product obtained from the manufacture, processing, material consumption, or biological processes in gaseous form. It includes gases emitted from factories and vehicles such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc.

Depending on toxicity wastes are of two types

1. Toxic waste and
2. Non-toxic waste.

Toxic Waste:

It may be solid, liquid radioactive, or gaseous. Toxic wastes can harm humans, animals, and plants, such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, battery, nitric oxide, chemicals, paint, syringes, needles, pesticides, broken computer parts, etc.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 4 Solutions

Non-Toxic Wastes:

Wastes that do not cause any harm to live creatures and the environment are known as Non-toxic wastes. These are glass, dust, concrete, food leftover, fruit and vegetable peelings, paper bits, etc.

WBBSE Chapter 4 Waste Management Sources Of Waste And Its Effects

Source Of Waste :

Wastes are generated from seven sources:

Domestic Wastes:

Leftovers of vegetables, fruits, a leftover of fish and meat, etc.

Industrial Wastes:

Chromium compound of the leather factory, different types of metals from one extraction process, different chemicals, etc.

Agricultural Wastes:

Pesticides, insecticides, manures in the form of agricultural runoff, straw, husks, animal excretory, etc.

Municipal Wastes:

Leftover of vegetables, paper bits, cloth, plastic, and metallic parts are found near houses, offices, marketplaces, hotels, institutions, etc.

Organic Wastes:

Wastes produced from plant and animal bodies are organic wastes, such as leftovers from meat processing centers, leftovers of fish, and peelings of fruits and vegetables.

Biomedical Wastes:

These are of medical and laboratory origins such as unused bandages, infusion kits, blood, human or animal tissues, syringe, and needles, which are generated from hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, medical research laboratories, etc.

Radioactive Waste:

Ashes, heavy water discarded radioactive elements are radioactive waste that is generated as a by-product of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear research and medicine.

WBBSE Chapter 4 Waste Management Effects Of Waste On The Environment

Disposing of waste has a huge environmental impact and can cause serious problems. Actually, the wastes lie littered on the streets and improperly disposed of in vacant land.

These may cause serious health hazards apart from being eyesores. Air, soil, and water pollution are increasing day by day.

Water Contamination:

Wastes that are thrown into the water body may negatively change the chemical composition of water and ultimately affect the ecosystems existing in the water.

Soil Contamination:

Similarly, if we sent rubbish to the landfill hazardous chemicals may contaminate the soil and can harm plants which can be a negative impact on the health of humans and animals if they eat.

Air Pollution:

When pollution occurs in the air, it can easily spread because we breathe in the air and cannot avoid it. This happens because the air becomes dirty or contaminated by poisonous gas, smoke, or odor emitted from the factories.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 4 Solutions

Impact On Health:

If the wastes are improperly disposed of, they may cause serious impacts on health and problems to the surrounding environment.

Excreta and other liquid and solid wastes from households and the community, are serious health hazards that may lead to the spread of infectious diseases by flies, rats, etc.

Diseases like Titenus, hepatitis, dysentery, allergy, and typhoid map spread quickly.

WBBSE Chapter 4 Waste Management Methods And Importance Of Waste Management

Concept Of Waste Management-Reduction, Reuse, And Recycling:

Waste management relates all those activities which are required to manage waste from its inception to its find disposal.

Apart from the collection, transport, and disposal of waste, it may also encompass reduction.

Reuse And Recycling:

the 3R which are the principles of waste hierarchy that classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization.

In the hierarchy, the first action is to prevent the generation of waste followed by the reduction reuse, and recycling of waste.

Reduction Of Waste:

This is a process of elimination that involves reducing the amount of waste produced in society.

Activities may involve redesigning products, changing societal life patterns, and monitoring consumption and production to prevent the generation of waste.

Reuse Of Waste:

Waste management, actually, focuses on the processing of waste after it is created.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Recycling Of Waste:

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction. It is a process to convert waste materials into reusable new materials.

Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textile, and electronics. Recycling of material produces a fresh supply of the same material Example. used office paper would be converted into new office paper.

Recycling waste is the process to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials, reducing the consumption of fresh raw materials, and reducing energy usage, and air water, and land pollution.

In this process, materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection center, then sorted, cleaned, and processed into new material.

Processes Of Solid Liquid And Gaseous Waste Disposal And Management

Disposal Of Solid Waste

Common methods of solid waste disposal and management are:

1. Segregation,
2. Landfill and
3. Composting.

Segregation

Solid wastes are of two types on the basis of natural decomposition

1. Bio-degradable, such as human waste, food and kitchen waste, manure, sewage sludge, and slaughterhouse waste which can be broken, in a few weeks or months, into its base compound by microorganisms
2. Non-biodegradable wastes, such as rubber tires, plastic, fiberglass, and metals are of environmental concern as it creates, a disposal problem.

Landfill

Disposal of bio-degradable waste in a landfill involves burying the waste. It contains leachate such as clay or plastic lining material. Wastes are compacted to increase density and stability.

The layer is covered with a thick soil layer to prevent attracting rats and rabbits. Thus, bio-degradable wastes, naturally, decomposes physically, chemically, and organically.

During this process, landfill gases, namely methane, and ammonia are produced. Finally, the rest is used to fill up the lowlands. At Dhapa in East Kolkata, fertile farmlands have developed in this way.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

It is advantageous as the wastes are covered and do not cause any harm to human health. But the problem is that the polluted water may contaminate groundwater.

Composting

The process of composting requires making a heap of wetted organic matter known as green waste (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus or soil rich in nutrients such as nitrogen, and phosphate.

There are two ways of composting.

Bangalore Method:

A trench is made on the ground in which bio-degradable wastes are dumped which is overlain by a layer of human and animal excreta.

Mechanical Process:

In this process, bio-degradable wastes are disintegrated by machines. Then it is mixed with bacteria for decomposition. Finally, nitrogen-rich compost fertilizer is produced.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 4 Solutions

WBBSE Chapter 4 Waste Management Disposal Of Liquid Waste

Drainage:

This is the process of sewage disposal in which sewage is transported through cities and inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants where it is treated to remove contaminants to produce environmentally safe waste.

In the treatment plant, there are blue-green algae that grow profoundly and release a huge amount of oxygen by photosynthesis.

As a result, water is filtered while solid wastes which settle down at the bottom are used as organic manure.

Disposal Of Gas Waste

Scrubber:

There are several methods to remove unwanted pollutants from the exhaust gas and neutralize it. Scrubber is a device that controls air pollution and is used to remove toxic gases from industrial exhaust streams.

WBBSE Chapter 4 Waste Management Need Of Waste Management

Improperly stored wastes can cause health, safety, and economic problems. It has been estimated that only 10% of hospital waste can contaminate the environment.

But if it mixes up with municipal waste a huge amount of waste may contaminate health and the environment. Wastes that pollute air, water, and soil may cause disaster.

To prevent damaging the earth’s ecosystem and maintain a high quality of life for the planet and its inhabitants we must manage and store the waste efficiently and safely.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Role Of Students In Waste Management

Knowledge of waste management can practically be implemented by a student by taking part in school as well as in house

1. They should throw paper bits and leftover food in the waste bin,
2. They should not split everywhere,
3. They should not use ‘use and throw’ pens,
4. They can prepare placards mentioning the need for waste management,
5. They must take part in awareness programs in school as well as in their locality.

Effects Of Waste Disposal On Bhagirathi-Hugli River-A Case Study

Bhagirathi:

Hugli is the distributary of the river Ganga which is the principal river of India. Presently, the river is very much polluted.

Urbanization and industrialization along both sides of the river are responsible for the disposal of huge amounts of municipal and industrial wastes into this river.

Actually, the river is polluted by

1. Disposal of industrial and municipal wastes,
2. Discharge of urine water,
3. Animal bath,
4. Discharge of soap and detergent water and
5. Dispose of dead bodies of man and animals,
6. Immersion of idols in Durga puja and Kali puja are also responsible for mixing up chemicals with the river water.

To arrest such pollution ‘Ganga Action Plan’, and ‘Namami Ganga’, etc. plans and programs have been taken up by government. But it is more important to the awareness among the people living along the riverside who can efficiently reduce waste.

WBBSE Chapter 3 Hydrosphere Ocean Currents

70% of the earth’s surface is occupied by waterbody or hydrospheres. Seas, oceans, lakes, and rivers belong to this hydrosphere.

Oceans occupy about 60% of it. The most important feature of the ocean is its currents i.e. ocean currents.

Ocean Currents-Concept And Types :

The horizontal movement of ocean water in a definite direction and regular pattern from one place to another is called ocean current. The vertical movement of ocean water is known as a wave.

WBBSE Notes For Class 10 Geography And Environment

Types Of Ocean Currents :

Ocean currents are of two types:

Warm Current:

Warm and light ocean water of the equatorial region moves towards the polar region as surface current. This is known as Surface current.

Cold Current:

Cold and heavy ocean water of the polar region moves towards the equatorial region. This is known as Under current.

WBBSE Chapter 3 Hydrosphere Causes Of Origin Of Ocean Currents

Factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents are:

Earth’s Rotation

Earth’s rotation causes the ocean water to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere following Ferrel’s law because Coriolis force is produced by the rotation of the earth

Wind

Ocean water is moved by the planetary winds in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and in an anti-clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.

1. Trade winds move the ocean currents in the northeast direction in the northern hemisphere and in the southeast direction in the southern hemisphere.
2. Westerlies move the ocean currents from the west to the east.
3. Polar winds move the ocean currents from the east to the west.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Solutions

Temperature Of Ocean Water

Warm equatorial water is light. So, it flows along the surface of the ocean towards the poles as a surface current. But cold polar water is dense. So, it flows towards the equator as under current.

Salinity Of Ocean Water:

The salinity of ocean water varies. Less saline water is light. So, it flows as surface water while more saline water is dense. So, it flows as under current.

Density Of Ocean Water:

The density of ocean water depends on its temperature, salinity, and atmospheric pressure. Ocean water of high density flows under current towards the low dense ocean water.

Ocean water of low density flows as surface current towards the ocean water of high density.

Melting Of Ice:

In the polar region, the melting of ice causes the addition of ocean water leading to the ocean water being less saline. As a result, ocean water is moved to form ocean currents.

Shape Of Coastline:

Ocean currents are deviated and bifurcated due to the shape of the coastline of a continent as they are obstructed by the presence of landmasses.

Seasonal Variations:

With the change of seasons, the wind also changes its direction. As a result, with the change in wind direction ocean currents change their direction accordingly.

In summers in the Indian Ocean monsoon current flows to the right being moved by the southwest monsoon wind; while in winter it flows to the left being moved by the northeast monsoon wind.

The presence of oceanic ridges, evaporation, and variation in air pressure is also responsible for the origin of ocean currents.

WBBSE Chapter 3 Hydrosphere Effects Of Ocean Currents On The Earth

The following Are The Effects Of Ocean Currents:

Formation Of Banks And Their Commercial Importance:

Commercial fishing grounds are formed where warm and cold ocean currents meet. Cold currents bring icebergs which melt when coming in contact with warm ocean currents and deposit moraines which are the main food for plankton.

As a result, large banks are formed, namely Grand Bank, Georges Bank near New Found land; Doggers bank, and Rockfall Bank near the British Isles.

Oceans are shallow and sunlight can reach the ocean bottom. So, Phyto planktons and zooplanktons which are the principal food for sea fish grow profoundly.

These banks are therefore the commercial fishing grounds of the world.

Coastal Climate

Countries passed by warm ocean currents experience warm weather conditions. Cold Labrador current keeps cool the coast of New Found land.

Warm Kuroshio current keeps warm the western coast of Japan. Wind originating over warm ocean currents picks up moisture and gives rain when blowing over the landmass.

But the wind blowing over cold ocean currents is dry and does not give any rain.

Where warm and cold currents flow side by side, water vapor of the warm current condenses in contact with the cold current, and foggy and stormy weather prevails due to the difference in temperature.

Climate Change

Ocean currents play an important role in the change of world climate. In general, the temperature of ocean water has already increased due to global warming.

consequently, the number and frequency of cyclones formed over warm ocean currents, namely Tropical cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons, will have increased.

Due to the increase in evaporation over warm ocean currents rainfall over landmasses has also increased.

The origin and duration of the ‘El-Nino’ warm ocean current near Peru’s coast have increased. Similarly, ‘La-Nina’ near the western part of the Pacific Ocean has increased uncertainty over southeast Asian countries including India.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Solutions

WBBSE Chapter 3 Hydrosphere Tides

Concept Of Tides, Origin:

Tides are alternate rise and fall of surface water. The rise of water is known as High tide while the fall of water is known as Ebb or Low tide.

Origin Of Tides

Tides are produced by

1. Rotation of the earth and
2. The gravitational pull of the sun and the moon.

Rotation Of The Earth:

The centrifugal force produced by the rotation of the earth causes tides on the opposite side of the earth facing the moon.

Gravitational Pull Of The Sun And The Moon:

According to Newton’s law of gravity, the sun and the moon are responsible for generating high and low tides on the Earth’s surface.

But the moon is nearer to the earth, so it is mainly due to the gravitational pull of the moon, tides occur on the earth’s surface.

Lunar Tides And Solar Tides:

A Tide formed by the attraction of the moon is known as the Lunar tide and a tide formed by the attraction of the sun is known as the Solar tide. The lunar tide is stronger than the solar tide.

Primary Tides :

Places on the rotating earth facing the moon experience maximum pull by the moon and enjoy high tide. This is known as Primary tide.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Question Answers

Secondary Tides :

Places on the earth opposite to places experiencing primary tides enjoy secondary tides due to the centrifugal force of the earth.

According to Newton’s law of gravity, the pull is directly proportional to the mass but inversely proportional to the square of its distance.

As the sun is 2 crores 60 lakh times heavier than moon but far away (150 million Km from the earth) from the moon (3 lakh 84 thousand Km from the earth) the gravitational pull of the moon is 2.2 times greater than that of the sun.

Low Tides:

When high tides are formed simultaneously low tides occur at the right-angled position of high tides as water moves away causing a lowering of surface water i.e. ebb or low tide.

Tidal Interval

The time gap between two Primary High tides is 24 hours and 52 minutes. Moon takes nearly 27 days to revolve around the Earth and Earth spins once in 24 hours.

So, in one day the moon advances (360 27) 13° for which the earth requires 13 x 4 = 52 minutes more to experience another high tide.

The tidal interval between a primary and secondary high tide is 12 hours 26 minutes. Between one high tide and the next low tide, the interval is 6 hours 13 minutes.

So Secondary tide occurs 12 hours 26 minutes after primary tide low tide and takes place 6 hours 13 minutes after high tide.

Spring Tide

In the syzygy position (straight line position of the sun, moon, and the earth), either Full Moon or New Moon, the tidal range (difference in height between high and low tide) is highest. This is known as Spring tide.

Neap Tide

At the right-angled position of the sun and the moon when they counteract each other tidal range becomes the least. This is known as Neap tide.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 WBBSE Solutions

Syzygy

moon and the earth when lying on a straight line the position is known as Syzygy. If the sun and moon lie on the same side of the
earth, it is known as a conjunction, when. New Moon takes place.

If the earth lies in the middle. between the sun and the moon, the position is known as opposition, when Full Moon appears. In Syzygy positions i.e. on New Moon and Full Moon spring tides occur.

Apogee:

As the moon revolves around the Earth distance between the moon and the earth does not remain the same. When the moon is farthest from the earth the distance is 4,07,000 km. This is known as the Apogee position.

Perigee:

When the moon is nearest to the earth the distance is 3-56,000 km. This is known as the perigee position. In the perigee position High tides are highest and in the apogee position High tides are the least.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

WBBSE Chapter 3 Hydrosphere Ocean Currents Tidal Bore

A very large tidal wave about 5-7 meters high entering with great speed into an estuary is called a Tidal bore. It is common in the Hugli River estuary.

Conditions Of Tidal Bore:

A tidal bore is frequent

1. During spring tide,
2. To wide river and due to mouth,
3. Obstruction from entering tide water into a river,
4. Presence of funnel-shaped river mouth and
5. Perennial river. In River Hugli, the height of the Tidal bore is 4-5 meters.

Effects Of Tides:

1. Large vessels can enter the port with high tides and exit the port with low tides easily.
2. Silts and urban wastes are washed away with the low tides.
3. High tides turn the river water to be saline.
4. High tides often cause river beds to be shallow by silting.
5. During High tides, many sea fishes enter the rivers.
6. In cool temperate regions, river ports remain frost free in winter because tide water turns the river water to be saline.
7. Electricity is generated with the help of tidal energy.
8. Tidal bores often damage settlements and farmlands.

WBBSE Chapter 1 Exogenetic Processes And Resultant Landforms

Exogenetic Processes

The surface of the earth is not even everywhere—either very high or flat, somewhere it is sloping and in other places uneven. All these together, are referred to as ‘Landform’.

Landforms are of two types—

1. Primary Landforms and
2. Secondary or Sequential Landforms.

Primary landforms are formed by earth movement and tectonic movement which are caused by endogenetic forces.

Primary landforms, such as mountains, plateaus and plains, (that you have read about in class IX) are modified by exogenetic forces to develop Secondary landforms.

WBBSE Notes For Class 10 Geography And Environment

WBBSE Chapter 1 Exogenetic Processes And Resultant Landforms Role Of Exogenetic Processes on Formation Of Landforms

Exogenetic processes are active on the earth’s surface continually Earth’s surface is modified by the natural agents of gradation like rivers, glaciers, wind, sea waves, groundwater etc.

These processes can be identified by small and minute sculpturing on primary landforms.

These processes are active very slowly for a long time, and sources of energy, other than gravitations originating from solar energy, gradation, aggradation and degradation are three important features of secondary landforms.

River is the most important agent of exogenetic forces. River works pathway by aggradation as well as degradation.

Graduation

Levelling of the undulated surface of the earth is the aim of gradation. This process of levelling is active up to a certain limit known as the Base level of erosion.

So graduation is the levelling of the earth’s surface up to Base level. Gradation includes two processes Aggradation and Degradation.

Aggradation

Filling up of lowlands through the deposition of sand, silts and pebbles by the agents of gradation is known as Aggradation.

Features of aggradation are delta, sandbars and floodplains. The Ganga Delta is the result of aggradation by the river Ganga.

Degradation

Lowering of the earth’s surface by the agents of gradation like weathering, mass wasting, rivers, and glaciers is known as Degradation.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes

Example. transformation of lofty mountains through Residual mountains, erosional plateau and ultimately into erosional plains or peneplains. So, lowering the height of a landform is the main aim of degradation.

WBBSE Chapter 1 Exogenetic Processes And Resultant Landforms Works Of River And Resultant Landforms

The river plays an important role as an agent of gradation on primary landforms. A river is actually, a part of the most important natural phenomenon, the water cycle.

River As A Part Of Hydrological Cycle:

Due to the evaporation of surface water, water vapour is picked up by the air above. The moist and warm air rises and at high altitudes becomes cooled.

Water vapour turns into water droplets which become bigger and float as clouds and finally fall as rain by the gravitational pull of the earth.

Ultimately, rain or snow melt-water goes back to the sea or lake as a river to complete the hydrological cycle or water cycle. So river plays an important role in the completion of the water cycle or hydrological cycle.

River Basin:

An area drained by a river, its tributaries and distributaries is referred to as a River basin. In other words, a river basin drains all of its water through a central channel of water or a river.

The bigger the area of the River basin the role played by the river is more important. A river basin is usually, delimited by a water divide.

The river Ganga basin is delimited by the Himalayas in the north and the Vindhya- Satpura-Maikal-Kaimur range in the south river basin.

Interfluves:

An interfluve is a narrow, elongated and plateau-like landform between two river valleys. It is better defined as an area of higher ground between two rivers in the same drainage system.

The interference may have a rounded and less rugged appearance. When adjacent River basins are separated by a line or, Especially by a single range of hills or mountains the term is referred to as water divide or watershed.

Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh-Chhattisgarh is the water divide between the Narmada and the Son river basins.

Usually, adjacent river basins are formed on opposite sides of the highland. Rivers of the adjacent basins also flow in opposite directions.

Courses Of River

From source to mouth the path along which a river flows is known as river course.

Depending on the flow of water and the works of the river, the course of a river can be divided into three divisions—Mountain or Upper course, Plain or Middle course and Delta or Lower course.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes

Upper Course :

In the mountainous regions, the upper course of a river extends from the source of the river to the plain land where the river leaves the l highland. The upper course of the river Ganga extends from the Gangotri glacier at Gomukh to Hardwar.

Middle course :

In the middle course, the river flows through plain land. The middle course of the river Ganga extends from Hardwar to Rajmahal hills.

Lower course :

In the lower course, a river flows through flat land. The lower course of the river Ganga extends from Rajmahal hills in Jharkhand to the Bay of Bengal.

Works Of River

A river works in three ways

1. erosion
2. transportation and
3. deposition.

In the upper course due to steep slope erosion, especially, vertical erosion is predominant along with transportation.

In the Middle course, the slope of the land becomes gentle so the velocity of the river is moderate. Therefore, Lateral erosion transportation along with little deposition are dominant works of a river.

In the Lower course the land is flat deposition, so is the only work of the river.

Erosion

River erosion takes place in four ways

1. Soluble Rocks like limestone dissolve in river water and are removed by the process of Solution.
2. By Hydraulic Action river picks up loose stones, and pebbles from the river bed and valley walls.
3. Corrosion or Abrasion is the process by which stones, pebbles, boulders etc. carried by a river erode the river bed and valley walls.
4. Attrition is the grinding action of stones, pebbles and boulders amongst themselves to produce fine particles.

Transportation

River transports the eroded materials called load. Load carrying capacity of the river depends on

1. The volume of the river water,
2. The velocity of the river and
3. Size of transported materials.

River transports its load through four processes

1. Soluble particles are carried by the Solution,
2. The finest particles are carried in Suspension,
3. By Saltation small pebbles leap up from the river bed intermittently and
4. Big pebbles and boulders are rolled along the river bed by Traction.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes

Deposition

River deposits its load depending on three conditions

1. When the volume of river water decreases,
2. If the slope of the land becomes moderate and
3. When the number of loads increases.

Landforms Produced By River

The combined action of river erosion, transportation and deposition develop different types of landforms.

V-Shaped Valley:

Due to vertical erosion and landslides narrow v-shaped river valley is formed in the mountain course.

In the plain course with increasing lateral erosion wide V-shaped valley and in the delta course where vertical erosion is stopped broad V-shaped valley is formed.

Interlocking Spur:

mountain course, projections from both sides of the valley wall i.e. spurs remain interlocked with each other and the young river is bound to move through in a winding course.

Gorge:

A Gorge is formed when the river valley becomes very deep and narrow, for Example. Indus Gorge in Kashmir.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 1 Solutions

Canyon:

In the dry regions, lateral erosion becomes insignificant and a V-shaped valley is formed. This is known as Canyon, for Example. Grand Canyon, is the largest canyon in the world river in the USA.

Rapids:

Rapids are part of the river where the river descends over a series of small steps caused by gently dipping outcrops of hard rocks. Example. In Africa, on the river Nile, there are six rapids from Khartoum to Aswan.

Waterfall:

When a river descends down from a higher point to a lower point due to horizontally arranged alternate soft and hard rocks, a waterfall is formed.

Yog or Gersoppa waterfall on the river Kaveri is the highest (275 m) waterfall in India.

Plunge Pool :

It is a deep pool formed at the base of a waterfall into which river the water plunges and is cut out by the whirling round of boulders and stones.

Pothole:

Tiny holes formed on the river bed due to strikes or stones or pebbles by the process of abrasion are called potholes.

Alluvial Fan Or Cone:

At the foot of the mountains where the slope of the land is reduced, suddenly the velocity of the river is also checked.

Consequently, most of the river load like stones, pebbles are dropped to form a cone or fan-shaped landform known as the Alluvial cone or Alluvial fan.

Meander :

Due to obstruction and low velocity of the river, it flows through a winding course which is known as Meander after the name of the river Meanderez in Turkey which is very much winded.

Example. River Ganga in Varanasi. A cliff is formed where the river erodes The bank i.e. the concave side of the meander.

Slip-off-slope (gentle slope) is formed where the river deposits the eroded materials i.e. the convex side of the meander.

Oxbow Lake :

In the middle as well as lower course, the river meander becomes very much prominent to form a loop as the river cuts the concave slope and deposits silt on the convex slope of the meander.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Question Answers

Finally, only a narrow neck of land is left out. Consequently, the river cannot flow straight and leaves its old course which takes the shape of a horseshoe and is called a horse-shoe or ox-bow lake, for Example. the river Ganga near Patna.

Flood Plain :

In the rainy season in the middle and lower courses river floods the adjoining areas where silts are -deposited. Due to repeated floods, a thick plain is formed known as a Flood Plain.

Natural Levee :

During floods deposition of silts takes place along the two banks of a river forming an embankment called a Natural levee.

Delta:

At the mouth of a river, silts are deposited forming a triangular landmass called a delta which looks like the fourth letter Δ (delta) of the Greek Alphabet, For Example, the delta formed by the river Ganga is the largest delta in the world.

Based on shapes deltas may be of different types

1. The arcuate delta is a fan-shaped delta with a rounded outer margin (bow-shaped), the arc of the fan spreading into the sea, for Example. the Nile Delta.
2. Bird’s foot delta is best explained by the Mississippi Delta which has several main branches like the foot of a bird extending into the Gulf of Mexico.
3. A few rivers like Ebro in Spain have tooth-like projections at their mouths and these are known as Cuspate Delta.

Estuary:

Many rivers do not form deltas if the river load is drained into the sea due to the greater velocity of the river by joining a number of tributaries or by the flushing action of the tidal waves.

For example. the river Ob in Russia has the largest estuary in the world.

Conditions Favourable For The Formation Of Delta

Rivers which have formed deltas are favoured by the following conditions :

1. The slope of the land below the sea at the mouth of the river must be less.
2. The river should be long and the number of tributaries should be large so that amount of silt becomes maximum.
3. The salinity of the seawater at the mouth of the river should be high so that the deposition of silts will be more.
4. Effects of High and Low tides at the mouth of the river should be less.
5. The flow of the river at the mouth should be less.
6. Delta formation accelerates if the wind blows from the opposite direction of river flow.
7. Presence of a partially landlocked sea at the mouth of a river favours delta formation.

Effect Of Global Warming On Active Delta Of Ganga-Padma-Meghna (The Sundarbans)

River Padma, the principal distributary of the river Ganga enters Bangladesh and combines with the river Meghna to drain into the Bay of Bengal.

The delta formed by Ganga-Padma- Meghna is the largest delta in the world. In the southern part of the delta, there is Sundarban the largest contiguous Mangrove forest in the world.

As it is part of an active delta so land building processes are still going on. There are, approximately, 102 islands of which 18 are uninhabited with a total of 9630 sq. km area.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Question Answers

But due to global warming, the Sundarbans face several challenges, the most striking of which is the rising sea level by nearly 5 mm annually.

According to scientists, there are about a dozen vanishing islands under the sea. For the first time, Lohachara an inhabited island once the home. of 10,000 people have disappeared beneath the rising sea due to global warming.

Similarly, two-thirds of the nearby populated island, Ghoramara has also been permanently submerged underwater. New Moore or Purbasha Island was a small offshore island that emerged in the 2000s.

But in 2010 it was declared that the island has been completely submerged by rising seawater.

The Sundarbans also faces challenges like a threat to the health of mangrove forests and the quality of soil and crop types due to severely increasing salinity; changes in fishing pattern; frequent cyclones and erratic monsoon rain.

All these, together, are responsible for damaging the ecology and humanity of the Sundarbans.

WBBSE Chapter 1 Exogenetic Processes And Resultant Landforms Works Of Glacier And Resultant Landforms

Glaciers are the moving ice and the most powerful gradational agent.

Concept Of Glacier

At present Glacial activity is restricted in the polar regions and in the high mountains.

But in the geological past during Ice Age, about 30,000 years back glaciers were active even in temperate latitudes where imprints of glacial activities are still found today.

Origin Of Glacier

Above the snowline, snowfall accumulates a huge amount of snow, the pressure of which turns the snow below into ice.

In Germany, fine and light snow is termed Tern’ and in France, it is termed ‘Neve’ which gradually turns into ice and eventually into a glacier.

A huge mass of ice when moves down the hill slopes by the gravitational force is known as a glacier.

Glacier Is The Largest Fresh Water Source Of The World :

Nearly 97% of the water reserve of the world belongs to the saline sea. Rest 3% as fresh water. belongs to the land.

About 69% of land water as fresh water is confined in ice or glacier, 30% is retained as groundwater and only 1% belongs to rivers, ponds, canals etc.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Question Answers

So, the glacier is the most important source of fresh water. But due to global warming, glaciers are melting and mixing with seawater. So it results in rising sea levels as well as diminishing availability of fresh water.

Types Of Glacier

Glaciers are of three types.

1. Mountain or Valley glacier descends through the mountain valleys, for Example. Gangotri glacier, Siachen glacier.
2. A continental glacier or Ice sheet is a mass of ice which covers extensive areas of a continent. Lambert Glacier of Antarctica is the largest Ice sheet glacier in the world.
3. Piedmont Glacier is formed at the foot of a mountain where several glaciers converge to form an extensive mass of ice, for Example. Malaspina in Alaska.

Snowline:

The altitude above which snow accumulates throughout the year is known as a snowline. The altitude of the snowline depends on latitude, the slope of the land, altitude, seasonal variation, wind direction, wind velocity and air temperature.

Snowline lies at sea level (0 m) in the polar region, 2000-2500 m in the temperate region, 4000-4500 m in the tropical region and above 5000 m in the equatorial region.

Iceberg :

Iceberg is a huge mass of ice broken from a glacier that floats on the ocean water. Only 1/9th of it remains above sea level.

Crevasse And Bergschrund:

Crevasse is a deep crack formed on the glacier. A very large crevasse formed near the head of the glacier is known as Bergschrund.

For mountaineering, these crevasses and bergschrunds are very much dangerous as they cannot be identified when covered with light snow.

Works Of Glacier—Erosion Transportation And Deposition

Glacier works in three ways

1. erosion,
2. transportation and
3. deposition.

Erosion Of Glacier

There are two processes of erosion

1. Plucking—Picking up of stones and pebbles from the mountain wall by the glacier is known as plucking.
2. Abrasion—Wearing away of rocks beneath the glacier due to frictional activity producing striations, grooving etc. or rock pebbles is known as abrasion.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 WBBSE Solutions

Resultant Landforms Of Glacial Erosion :

Corrie:

The moving ice usually forms. depressions on the mountain wall, as if, an armchair-shaped hollow is formed.
This hollow is known as Corrie and Cirque by the French.

Arete:

When a number of corries or cirques develop on a mountain; glaciers cut their mountain walls and gradually a sharp edge is formed known as Arete.

Pyramidal Peak:

Sometimes, several cirques may develop on all sides of the mountain and the glaciers, usually, cut their headwalls until the mountain peak takes the shape of a pyramid.

The top of the peak is called the pyramidal peak. A sharp pointed pyramidal peak is called Horn. Example. Matterhorn of Switzerland and Neelkantha Peak in India are good examples of Horn.

Truncated Spur:

When the tributary valleys of interlocking spurs are occupied by glaciers, the noses of the spurs are cut by the process of abrasion. As a result, truncated spurs are formed.

U-Shaped Valley Or Glacial Trough:

A glacial valley has a wide flat floor with steep walls and looks like the English letter ‘U’.

The ‘U’-shaped valley is formed when the V-shaped valley of a pre-existing river has been over-deepened and widened by the passage of a glacier, for Example. St. Lawrence Valley in the U.S.A.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 WBBSE Solutions

Hanging Valley:

It is formed by a tributary glacier which forms a valley less deep than that of the main glacier.

When glaciers melt, it is found that the tributary valley remains higher than the main valley and appears to be hanging over the main valley.

Roches Mountonnees:

These are the hillocks of rocks that are polished by glacial abrasion on the upstream side to form a gentle slope and remain rough and irregular with a steep slope due to plucking on the opposite side.

They appear to lie on the mountain like sheep and hence, are also called sheep rocks.

Crag And Tail:

A glacier may find a soft rock to be protected from its erosion by the presence of a hard rock which is called a Crag and the soft rock remains as a Tail.

Fjord:

A valley glacier extending up to the coast erodes the land below sea level forming an inlet through which sea water enters the land.

This is known as Fjord, These are common in Norway and Sweden. Small and shallow fjords are known as Fjords.

Transportation Of Glacier

Carrying away of eroded materials called moraines embedded in a glacier is known as transportation.

Deposition Of Glacier

Moraines are carried by a glacier when dropped on the glacial valley the process is known as Deposition.

Depositional works may be grouped into two types

1. Deposition on the upper part of the mountain and
2. Deposition on the foothills of the mountain.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Deposition On The Upper Part Of The Mountains

Moraines:

Sand, clay, gravel deposited by a glacier are called moraines. Moraines are of different types

1. Lateral moraines are deposited along the margins of a glacier,
2. When two glaciers meet, the adjacent lateral moraines combine to form Medialmoraines,
3. Terminal or End moraines are formed at the end of a glacier.

Deposition At The Foothills Of A Mountain

At the foothills of a mountain, glaciers, as well as glacier-melt rivers together, form various types of landforms. Hence, these landforms are known as glacial-fluvial landforms.

Outwash Plain:

At the end of Terminal Moraine, streams derived from the melting of ice form a plain land by the deposition of sand, clay and gravel. This is known as Outwash Plain.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Drumlins:

These are low elongated smooth and rounded hills like whale-back hummocks composed of boulder clay. The landscape scattered with a number of drumlins is called ‘Basket of Eggs terrain’. These are common in the Lake Region of the U.S.A.

Esker:

These are long and narrow, winding steep sided low ridges composed of sand and gravel. These are common in Scandinavia.

Kame:

A triangular feature made by a number of mounds of sand and gravel is known as Kame. A number of Karnes when developing steps are known as Kame terraces.

Kettles:

These are depressions formed by the melting of a huge chunk of ice and are found on the outwash plain.

WBBSE Chapter 1 Exogenetic Processes And Resultant Landforms Works Of Wind And Resultant Land-Forms

Predominate Wind Action

Wind as an agent of * gradation is active in arid and semi-arid and the coastal regions. There are 7 large deserts in the world.

These are the Sahara and Kalahari in Africa, Atacama in South America, Soneran in North America, the Great Deserts of West and Central Australia, the Arabian Desert of Asia and the Thar desert of India-Pakistan.

In the deserts, wind action is predominant because

1. There is little vegetation to hold firmly loose surface materials and at the same time wind can blow swiftly without any obstruction,
2. Variations in temperature during the day and night cause mechanical weathering. In coastal regions, sea waves cut the coastal land and produce large amounts of sand particles which are blown by the wind uninterruptedly helping in wind erosion.
3. South-west monsoon wind deposits sands in Digha and Contai coasts blown away from Andhra and Odisha coasts.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Formation Of Sand Particles

Sand is a weathered naturally occurring fragmentary material ranging in size between 0.06 and 2.0 mm in diameter.

In deserts due to thermal variation in day and night temperature, rocks are disintegrated by the processes of granular disintegration, and block disintegration.

Exfoliation into grains which by the process of attrition themselves turn into fine grains known as Sands.

In coastal regions, rocks are also disintegrated by sea waves through the processes of abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition etc. into fine grains i.e. sands.

Works Of Wind :

Wind sculptures the earth’s surface through three processes

1. Erosion,
2. Transportation and
3. Deposition.

Wind Erosion

Wind erodes in three ways

1. Abrasion,
2. Deflation,
3. Deposition.

1. Abrasion :

This is the process by which the wind drives sand particles against an exposed rock which becomes scratched, polished and grooved. It is most effective near the base of a rock within one metre above the ground.

Resultant Landforms Carved Out By Wind Abrasion:

Gour :

Wind abrasion causes wearing away of softer rock layers of projecting rock masses and carving them into pillars called Rock pedestals.

Generally, the undercutting is more near the base of the rock and as a result, a mushroom-shaped rock is formed known as Gour which is common in the Sahara desert.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE

Zeugen :

When horizontally arranged Gour alternate layers of hard and soft rocks are exposed to wind abrasion, soft rocks are removed quickly. But the hard rocks stand out uneroded as ridges which are known as Zeugens.

Yardang :

When vertically arranged alternate layers of hard and soft rocks are exposed to wind abrasion, columns of soft rocks wear away quickly leaving behind the pillars of hard rocks which are called Yardangs.

Inselberg :

This is a German word which means ‘island mountain’, these are isolated hills With steep slopes and rounded tops, often composed of granite and gneiss produced by wind abrasion.

These are common in the Kalahari desert of South Africa and in the West Australian desert.

2. Deflation :

Deflation is the process by which wind lifts and blows sand particles. Thus it lowers the desert surface and forms a depression.

Deflation Hollow :

Strong wind deflation causes the formation of depressions, for Example. Quattara depression in Egypt.

3. Deposition :

The ultimate products of wind attrition between the pebbles are sands.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes

Wind Transportation

Eroded materials are transported by the wind in three ways

1. Suspension,
2. Saltation And
3. Traction.

1. Suspension:

Fine sand particles are blown away by the wind at distant places.

2. Saltation:

Stones and pebbles are moved away by wind through saltation process i.e. by dropping and jumping of stones in the air.

3. Traction:

Through this process, bigger stones are dragged away by the wind along the surface of the earth.

By wind transportation area of the desert increases. Thus the Rajasthan desert in India has extended eastwards. This is known as desertification.

Wind Deposition

Huge amounts of sand carried by the wind are dropped when obstructed by a highland or when the velocity of the wind decreases.

Landforms Produced By Wind Deposition

Important landforms produced by wind deposition are sand dunes and loess plains.

Sand Dunes

Dunes are hills of sand formed by wind deposition. The wind being obstructed by natural vegetation, boulder or any kind of other obstructions deposits sands to form dunes.

According to Bagnold, a famous scientist, Dunes are of two types

1. Barkhans and
2. Seif dunes.

1. Barkhans:

This type of dune is formed transversely to the wind direction. So they are also known as transverse dunes. Crescent-shaped transverse dunes are called Barkhans.

These are common in the deserts of the Sahara, Arabia, Atacama and Kalahari. The windward slope of the Barkhan is gentle and convex, while the leeward slope is steep and concave.

Barkhan tapers off at two ends to two points called Horns. The average height of Barkhan varies between 15 and 30 metres. They are usually temporary and shifting in nature.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes

2. Seif Dunes :

‘Seif’ is an Arabic word which means ‘sword’. There are long, narrow sand dunes lying parallel to the wind direction. So they are also known as longitudinal sand dunes.

These are commonly found in the deserts of Arabia, the Sahara and the Thar in India. Seif dunes vary in length from a kilometre to a hundred kilometres.

Their height varies between 150 and 200 m. They lie parallel to each other. The top of the dunes is sharp. These are formed where the velocity of wind is high.

In Rajasthan, they are extended from southwest to northeast as they lie parallel to the direction of southwest monsoon wind.

Loess

Fine sand particles of a desert when transported by wind are dropped at a distant place. Gradually, these sand particles accumulate there to form a thick plain land called Loess.

The best example is the Loess plain formed along the Hwang-Ho river valley in China where sand carried away from the Gobi desert is deposited by wind.

Combined Actions Of Wind And Running Water :

In the desert, sometimes wind in combination with running water work as an agent of gradation.

Wadi

‘Wadi’ is an Arabic word which means ‘dry valley’. In the desert a short spell of rain results in flood. As a result, temporary rivers or gullies are formed. After the recession of water gullies are left out as dry valleys. These are known as a wadi.

Pediment

A sloping stony plain formed by the combined action of wind and running water at the foot of a mountain is called a pediment. It is an erosional plain formed at the base of a surrounding mountain scarp.

Bajada

A triangular or fan-shaped alluvial land formed by running water at the lower part of the pediment may join with others to form a plain land which is known as Bajada.

it is a depositional feature formed by intermittent streams.

Playa

A shallow lake formed by a number of intermittent streams in a basin enclosed by mountains. It is a temporary lake and highly saline.

Expansion Of Deserts And Measures To Control:

1. Usually, either naturally or by human interference deserts expand. Physical causes are
2. Sands blown by the wind and deposited in the adjoining areas may extend into a desert,
3. Frequent and prolonged dry weather increases aridity and drought for consecutive years

and climatic changes due to global warming. Human interferences like

1. Deforestation
2. Overgrazing,
3. use of unscientific methods of agriculture. As a result, the Thar and the Sahara deserts have extended east and southwards respectively.

To control the extension of the desert a few measures have been taken in the Thar and the Sahara deserts. In Thar desert, Desert Afforestation Research Station was set in Jodhpur in 1952.

Afforestation started in 1958 in the Command Areas of the Indira Gandhi Canal.

Other programmes to control desertification are sand-dune fixation work, silvopastoral plantations, village fodder and fuel wood plantation, shelterbelt plantation, ecological regeneration, and restoration and rehabilitation of degraded desert.

Afforestation in barren hills, reseeding of old pasture and farm forestry, rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater. In the Sahara measures that have been taken to control desertification are making water free of salt with solar energy, and development.

wind break, sand shield at the margin of the desert and envision (The Great Green Wall (GGW) to stop desertification. It is 15 km wide and 8000 km long, a living green wall of trees, bushes and birds to the south of the Sahara.

WBBSE Chapter 2 Atmosphere

Concept Of Atmosphere Composition

Concept of Atmosphere:

The atmosphere is an insulating blanket which protects the Earth from the intense heat and light of the sun and helps living organisms to survive.

It is held by the gravitational pull of the earth extending up to 10,000 km from the earth’s surface.

97% of the atmospheric elements are confined to only 29 km from the earth’s surface due to the gravitational force of the earth and the pressure of the upper layers of the atmosphere. Beyond 10,000 km there is space which is infinite.

WBBSE Notes For Class 10 Geography And Environment

Different Elements Of Atmosphere

The atmosphere is chiefly composed of three components—gases, water vapour and dust particles.

Gaseous Elements

The atmosphere comprises many gases. Among these gases, Nitrogen constitutes nearly 78% (78.08) of the atmosphere.

Oxygen, the second most important gas contributes nearly 21% (20.94) of the atmospheric content. The rest 1% of the atmosphere comprises of Argon (0.93%), Carbon dioxide (0.033%), Helium, Hydrogen, Krypton, Methene, Neon, Ozone, Xenon etc.

Amongst these gases nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, krypton and xenon are known as inert gases (these gases do not take part in a chemical reaction).

The proportion of these gases remains constant up to a height of 90 km from the earth’s surface.

Water Vapour

This is one of the most important elements of the atmosphere. This is the gaseous state of water. About 90% of atmospheric water vapour is confined within 6 km from the earth’s surface.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Notes

It accounts for nearly 1.4% of the atmosphere by volume. But this amount is very variable according to latitude and season. In the Tropical region it is only 4% while in the Polar region, it is as low as 0.0006%.

Dust Particles

Dust particles are also known as aerosols. It is also a variable element of the atmosphere. It is found in deserts, seasides, industrial towns, volcanic ashes etc.

WBBSE Chapter 2 Atmosphere Layers Of Atmosphere

The atmosphere can be divided into different layers based on

1. Chemical composition and
2. Variation in temperature.

Atmospheric Layers Based On Chemical Composition And Thermal Variation:

The atmosphere can be divided into two layers based on chemical composition.

Homosphere

‘Homo’ means uniform and ‘sphere’ means region. Up to 90 km above the earth’s surface there is no variation in the proportion of different gases found in the atmosphere.

Heterosphere

‘Hetero’ means dissimilar and ‘sphere’ means region. Above the homosphere, the Heterosphere extends up to nearly 10,000 km.

Different gases of this, layer vary in proportion and thickness and accordingly this layer is divided into four sublayers

1. The molecular Nitrogen layer extends up to 200 km above the earth’s surface.
2. The atomic Oxygen layer extends from 200 to 1100 km above the earth’s surface.
3. The helium layer extends between 1100 km and 3500 km above the earth’s surface.
4. The hydrogen layer extends up to 10,000 km above the helium layer.

Atmospheric Layers Based On Variation In Temperature

According to variations in temperature the atmosphere can be divided into five layers

1. Troposphere,
2. Stratosphere,
3. Mesosphere,
4. Thermosphere,
5. Exosphere and
6. Magnetosphere.

Troposphere

This is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. In this layer, temperature decreases at a rate of 6.5°C for every 1000 metre or 1 km ascent.

At the equatorial region, the layer extends upward 18 km, but at the poles, it extends only up to 8 km. This layer contains a sufficient amount of different elements of gases, water vapour, dust particles etc.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Notes

So this layer is Known as weather making layer in which clouds and storms are formed. 75% of the gaseous elements of the atmosphere belong to this layer. Air-polluting elements are also blown in this layer.

Tropopause

At the upper limit of the troposphere temperature becomes – 55°C which remains constant for 2 to 3 km above Troposphere. This zone of constant temperature is known as Tropopause. A strong ‘Jet stream’ blows in this layer.

Stratosphere

Stratosphere lies above the Troposphere for nearly 50 km thickness. In this layer, temperature increases upward and at 50 km height temperature of the air becomes maximum, nearly 10°C.

There is Ozone (O3) layer because of the concentration of O3. The ozone layer protects the earth’s surface from the harmful rays of the sun.

Water vapour or cloud is absent in this layer except for the Noctilucent cloud. So jet air crafts fly through this layer.

Stratopause

Above the stratosphere at a 50 km height increase in temperature stops this zone is known as Stratopause.

Mesosphere

Mesosphere extends above stratopause for nearly 80 km above the earth’s surface. Temperature decreases with increasing height.

At 80 km, the temperature becomes lowest at about -93°C. Incoming meteors from outer space towards Earth are burnt in this layer. The pressure of air is also very low in this layer.

Mesopause

The height at which in the mesosphere the fall of temperature ceases is known as Mesopause.

Ionosphere

Above Mesosphere the layer of air is known as Ionosphere. In this layer temperature again rises rapidly and becomes nearly 1200°C at the elevation of 500 km.

In this layer ionisation of gas, molecules take place. This layer is known as Thermosphere. Auroras seen in the mighty sky at high latitudes are developed in this layer.

Auroras are probably an effect of magnetic storms i.e. the disturbance in the magnetic field of the earth and electric discharge of the sun during periods of sunspot activity.

From the ionosphere, radio waves are reflected back to the earth which helps maintain the world’s radio communication system.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 2 Solutions

Exosphere

Above the thermosphere lies the Exosphere. In this layer temperature also increases with increasing height but not so rapidly as it happens in the Thermosphere. At 650 km above the earth’s surface temperature increases to nearly 1240ºC.

Magnetosphere

Beyond Exosphere lies the Magnetosphere which gradually merges into space.

WBBSE Chapter 2 Atmosphere Importance Of Ozon And Its Depletion

In the stratosphere between 24 km and 40 km in height, there is an ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet rays and other harmful rays of the sun. So it protects the earth and human life from cancer and other diseases.

But emission of Chlorofluro carbon (CFC), nitrous oxide and other gases deplete the formation of ozone (O3) and thus Ozone holes are found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. So ozone layer must be conserved at any cost.

Heat, Temperature And Global Warming

Air temperature is the warmth of air received by a place from the sunrays measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit with the help of a thermometer.

The sun is the source of this air temperature. Though the earth is about 150 million km away from the sun. It is heated directly or indirectly by the sun.

Insolation, Heat Budget, Processes Of Heating:

Insolation

Insolation is the incoming solar radiation which is about 1/2,000,000,000 part of solar radiation which spreads in all directions with a velocity of about 2,97,600 km per second.

About 35% of insolation is reflected back into space. It varies widely with the variation in nature of the earth’s surface.

The remaining 65% of the insolation is known as Effective Solar Radiation which enters the earth’s atmosphere.

14% is absorbed by dust, carbon the Atmosphere dioxide, and water vapour present in the air. 45% of the insolation, ultimately, reaches the earth’s surface.

Heat Budge

During the day the earth is heated by the sun. But at night the earth becomes cooled by releasing the same amount (65%) of heat into space. This is known as terrestrial heat balance or heat budget.

Processes Of Heating Of The Atmosphere :

The atmosphere is heated by the following processes :

Radiation:

The earth’s surface is heated by the sun’s rays and the terrestrial heat is radiated from the earth’s surface. This terrestrial radiation warms the lowest layer of the atmosphere.

Conduction:

Cold air from the upper layer comes in contact with the warm lower layer and the heat is transmitted to the upper layers gradually.

Convection:

The air of the lower layer heated by the terrestrial radiation becomes warm and light and it rises while cold heavy air of the upper layers descends to occupy the vacuum. Thus, heat is transferred to the upper layers of the atmosphere.

Advection:

The horizontal transfer of heat through horizontally moving airmass is known as advection.

Direct Absorption:

Elements like carbon dioxide, water vapour, and dust particles present in the air absorb heat directly, thus, the air is warmed up directly.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 2 Solutions

Radio-Active-Elements:

The heat generated from hot springs, and volcanic eruptions also warms up the atmosphere. The heat generated from hot springs, volcanic eruptions and from living bodies is also responsible for the warming of the air.

Measurement Of Heat

Air temperature is measured by a thermometer. It is of various types. The highest and lowest temperature of a day is measured by Six’s thermometer.

In 1782, James Six invented this thermometer which is named after the inventor. It records the maximum and minimum temperature of the day.

Two types of scales, celsius and Fahrenheit for measuring air temperature are used in this thermometer.

Maximum And Minimum Temperature

The highest temperature of the day (24 hours) is recorded as the maximum temperature and the lowest temperature of that day (24 hours) is recorded as the minimum temperature in Six’s thermometer.

Average Daily Temperature:

Maximum and minimum temperatures of a day at any place are added and divided by two to obtain the average daily temperature.

Daily Range Of Temperature:

The difference between the maximum and minimum temperature of a day at any place is the daily range of temperature.

Calculation

Average daily temperature is =24°C + 18°c = 42°C ÷2 = 21°c
Daily range of temperature is 24°C – 18°C = 6°C

Monthly Average Temperature :

The average daily temperatures of a month are added and then divided by the number of days of that month to get the monthly average temperature of a place.

Monthly Range Of Temperature :

The difference in temperature between the average highest temperature and the average lowest temperature of a month is the monthly range of temperature of a place.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 2 Solutions

Calculation

The temperature of January (°C)

The monthly average temperature of January is 20.1°C
Monthly range of temperature’s (25.5°C – 14.8°C) = 10.7°C

Annual Average Temperature :

The average monthly temperature of twelve months is added and then divided by 12 to obtain the annual average temperature.

Annual Range Of Temperature :

The difference in temperature between the highest monthly average temperature and a lowest monthly average temperature of a place.

Calculation

Temperature (°C)

The annual average temperature is 26.7°C and the Annual range of temperature is (31.5°C – 22.0°C) = 9.5°C.

Causes Of Variation In Atmospheric Temperature:

The atmosphere is heated mainly by terrestrial radiation, but the air temperature is not uniform on the Earth. The following factors are responsible for variations in air temperature.

Latitude

Temperature decreases from the equator to the poles because the equatorial region receives vertical rays, while inclined rays spread over the polar regions.

Vertical rays are responsible for more air temperature because,

1. It passes through a relatively short distance in the atmosphere, so absorption of heat by dust, water vapour, and carbon dioxide present in the air is less, so more heat is received, Oblique rays spread over a greater extent. So temperature decreases away from the equator towards north and south. Temperature decreases away from the equator.
2. The temperature of Tirubanantapuram  (8°30′ north) is higher than that of Srinagar which is located at 34° north latitude.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Question Answers

Altitude Of A Place

Usually, the temperature of the air decreases at the rate of 0-6°C per 100-metre rise. This is known as Lapse Rate or Normal Temperature Lapse Rate.

So higher places experience low temperatures. The temperature of Darjeeling is less than that at Siliguri (located on the plain) though these two places belong nearly to the same latitude.

Inversion Of Temperature

Sometimes respecting the Lapse Rate, temperature increases with the increasing altitude of a place. This is known as the Inversion of temperature.

In mountain regions, cold and dense air slides down the mountain slopes into the valley by the earth’s gravitation! force. This is known as the Katabatic wind.

It lowers the valley temperature. In Europe, settlements and farmlands are, therefore, located on mountain slopes.

Distribution Of Land And Waterbodies

In summer water bodies are not as warm as landmasses. Similarly, in winter water bodies are not as cold as landmasses.

Therefore, summers and winters are mild in coastal regions due to moderating effect of the sea breeze and the coastal regions experience maritime climate.

But in the interior locations, summers are very hot and winters are very cold. So extreme or continental climate prevails there.
This is due to the differential heating and cooling of land and water.

Wind:

In winter cold wind from central Asia blowing over India reduces temperature, especially, in the northern plains.

Ocean Currents :

A place will experience more air temperature, if, it is passed by warm ocean currents than the other place passed by cold ocean currents even though, the two places are located on the same latitude and altitude.

Nain and Glasgow though located on the same latitude, have different temperatures in winter because Nain receives Cold Labrador Current and Glasgow receives warm North Atlantic drift.

So, the temperature at Glasgow is 3.9°C it is -21.6°C at Nain.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Question Answers

Slope Of The Land

In the northern hemisphere, the southern slope of the east-west oriented mountain range receives comparatively more vertical rays because of which it remains warmer than the northern slope of the mountain.

It happens so because the sun remains within the tropics during its apparent annual movement.

Cloud Cover And Precipitation

During the day cloud cover prevents the sun’s rays to reach the ground, so the air temperature of that place becomes low. But a cloudless sky allows the sun’s rays to reach the ground to the full extent and thus the air temperature of that place increases.

On the contrary, cloudless nights keep the air temperature low by releasing heat into space and cloudy nights store heat in the atmosphere, thereby, increasing the air temperature of that place.

In Rajasthan, the temperature of a cloudless day is nearly 45°C while at cloudless nights it drops to about 20°C.

Precipitation like rainfall and snowfall is also responsible for lowering an air temperature of a place. Pre-monsoon rains in summer in India lower air temperatures.

Natural Vegetation

In dense forests, air temperature remains low as the sun’s rays cannot penetrate the forest. The release of water through transpiration from trees also causes rain which also lowers the air temperature.

The temperature of selva in Brazil is much lower than that of Kenya or Uganda where there is no forest.

Soil

Wet and dryness of the soil are responsible for variations in air temperature. The temperature of the humid soil of the Gangetic plain is less warm than that of the dry soil of the eastern part of Rajasthan.

Urbanisation And Industrilisation

Most parts of cities and towns are made of bricks, cement and concrete which are heated rapidly. So the temperature of cities and towns is high.

The heat emitted from the factories of industrial towns also increases air temperature. So the temperature in cities and town are higher than that of villages.

The temperature of Kolkata, Durgapur, and Jamshedpur is higher than in the adjoining countryside.

WBBSE Chapter 2 Atmosphere Heat Belts Isotherm And Horizontal Distribution Of Temperature

Heat Belts :

Based on variations in air temperature earth’s surface may be divided into Five heat or thermal belts or zones :

Torrid Zone :

Torrid zone is located between the Tropic of Cancer (23°30’N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23°30’S). The region receives maximum heat because the equatorial region receives vertical rays twice in a year.

Variation in the length of day and night is minimum. Temperature is higher than any other places on the earth’s surface throughout the year.

Annual average temperature is 27°C. The isotherm 27°C is considered the northern limit of the Torrid zone. Places located between 30°N and S are included in this zone.

North Temperature Zone And South Temperate Zone :

North Temperate zone is located between the Tropic of Cancer (23°30’N) and the Arctic Circle (66°30’N) while South Temperate zone is located between the Tropic of Capricorn (23°30,S) and the Antarctic Circle (66°30’S).

Sunrays fall over these regions obliquely. Length of day and night is medium. Temperature remains moderate. Annual average temperature varies between 0°C and 27°C.

Due to higher temperature, regions close to Torrid zone (23°30/ to 45°) are known as warm Temperate zone. Due to low temperature, region close to Frigid zone (45° to 66°30′) are known as Cool Temperate zone.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Wbbse Solutions

North Frigid Zone And South Frigid Zone

Regions beyond the Arctic circles and Antarctic circles are known as Frigid zones. North Frigid Zone lies between Arctic Circle (66°30’N) and North Pole (90°N) and South Frigid Zone lies between Antarctic Circle (66°30’S) and South Pole (90°S).

These regions receives very much inclined sunrays. They do not get sun rays for a few months in a year. Snowfall occurs most of the year and the land remains snow covered.

Annual average temperature is below 0°C. During long nights Auroras enlighten these regions.

Isotherm :

An imaginary line drawn on a map by joining the places having same temperature reduced to sea level is known as Isotherm, (‘iso’ means same and ‘thermos’ means temperature.

Horizontal Distribution Of Temperature

Distribution of global temperature may be understood with the help of isotherms.

As the months January and July experience extreme temperature conditions in a year so January and July isotherm give us some ideas regarding horizontal temperature distribution of the earth; such as :

1. Highest and lowest temperatures of January and July are confined to land only.
2. In January, isotherms on land masses bend towards the equator and over the equator bend towards the poles.
3. Isotherms are Apart from each other in Southern Hemisphere because of more water bodies.
4. Due to differential heating of land and water isotherms are not straight where land and water meet.
5. Difference in temperature of two places is more in winter than that in summer. So in January, isotherms are closely spaced in Northern Hemisphere.

January Isotherm

1. To the North of Asia, due to very low temperature (about — 40°C) isotherms do not follow the parallels, rather, they forms loops.
2. Due to great differences in temperature in Northern Hemisphere isotherms are closely spaced.
3. But in Southern Hemisphere (as it is summer) isotherms on the land bend towards the equator.

July Isotherm

1. Temperature is high in Northern Hemisphere as it is summer there,
2. Temperature is high in Central Asia and in North Africa, so isotherms becomes circular.
3. In Southern Hemisphere water body is more and influence of warm current is also less. So, isotherms are more or less parallel to the parallels of latitude.

Global Warming—Role Of Green House Gases:

Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Wbbse Solutions

Global Warming

The earth is heated by the small wave solar radiation. Sunrays reflected from the earth’s surface to space is in the form of long wave.

But these long wave terrestrial radiation is absorbed by the greenhouse gases which are increasing day by day in the troposphere.

As a result, temperature of atmosphere increases. This abnormal rise of atmospheric temperature is known as Global Warming.

Role Of Green House Gases

Green houses gases responsible for global warming are carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, chloroflurocorbon etc.

The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing due to excessive burning of fossil fuel, deforestation, application of nitrogen fertilizer etc.

carbon dioxide alone is responsible for a 49% increase of air temperature. Warming capacity of one molecule of chloroflurocarbon is equal to that of 10,000 molecules of carbon dioxide.

Comparative warming capacity of different greenhouses gases in respect to carbon dioxide is listed below:

Effects Of Global Warming

Melting Of Polar Ice Caps And Mountain Glacier :

Due to global warming most of the ice and glaciers of polar region and mountainous land will melt. As a result, snowfed rivers will be dried up leading to severe water crisis.

Rise Of Sea Level :

Due to global warming ice melt water will add to the seas and oceans. As a result, sea level will rise and coastal regions will be flooded and salinity of the soil will be increased.

Change In Nature In Precipitation :

Due to global warming evaporation rate will be high which will increase amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.

Consequently, many dry parts of the earth will receive rainfall, snowfall, hailtorms etc. Again, due to high temperature many humid regions will turn into dry regions.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE 

Over And Under Production Of Crops :

Due to global warming there will be changes in the distribution of rainfall which will cause overproduction in dry regions and many humid regions will face underproduction due to a lack of rainfall.

Change In Agricultural Methods :

Due to changes in pattern of rainfall distribution caused by global warming there is changes in agricultural methods also. In dry region due to heavy rainfall wet farming and m humid regions due to scarcity of rain dry farming will be practised.

El-Nino And Its Global Effect :

Due to global warming El-Nino will be more frequent in Peru coast. In the years of El Nino there will be worldwide over rains, scarcity of rains and droughts.

Imbalance Earth’s Incoming And Outgoing Solar Radiation :

Since time immemorial the earth’s heat budget or heat balance between short wave insolation and long wave terrestrial radiation is maintained which is congenial for the living world.

But global warming will reduce terrestrial radiation which in turn, will increase heat waves, cold waves etc. and ultimately, will create crises in the living world.

WBBSE Chapter 2 Atmosphere Pressure Belts And Wind

Concept Of Air Pressure:

Concept:

Air pressure is the gravitational pull of the earth exerted on air i.e. the weight of the air given on the earth’s surface.

Actually, air exerts pressure on all matters in all directions. But, we do not feel air pressure as the pressure within our body is equal to the air pressure outside the body. Air pressure is of two types

1. High pressure in which more air molecules are present and
2. Low pressure in which fewer air molecules exist. Air pressure is expressed in millibar (MB). An air pressure of 1013 MB or more denotes high pressure, while an air pressure of 986 Mb or less indicates low pressure of air.

Measurement Of Air Pressure :

Air pressure is measured by Barometer. In 1643 scientist Torricelli discovered Barometer. Later on, Fortin’s Barometer and Aneroid Barometer were produced. Fortin’s Barometer is widely used.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE 

Torricelli Barometer

This simplest kind of barometer is the Torricellian barometer. This is an inverted (upside down) glass tube standing in a bath of mercury.

Air pressure pushes down on the surface of the mercury, making some rise up the tube. The greater the air pressure, the higher the mercury rises.

Pressure is read off a scale marked on to the glass. Sea level air pressure in this barometer is 76 cm or equal to 1013 MB.

Fortin’s Barometer

This is a modified form of Torricelli’s barometer. It consists of a narrow glass tube of about 90 cm. which is closed at one end.

It is fitted with mercury and kept inverted in a cistern filled with dry mercury. The glass tube is protected in a brass tube. A scale graduated in mm is attached to the brass tube and functions as the main scale.

For accurate measurement, a vernier scale, which can slide over the main scale is fixed to the barometer. The bottom of the cistern is actually a leather bag.

There is an ivory pointer in the cistern placed at the top, and it coincides with the zero of the main scale. The level of the mercury column in the cistern is changed with the screw below it.

Working Procedure:

To Determine The Height Of The Mercury Column In The Barometer using an adjustment screw mercury level is to be set so that the ivory point just touches the mercury. Vernier scale is to be so adjusted that its edge and the corresponding reading in the main scale are set tangentially to the meniscus.

Vernier constant is to be fixed to note the readings on the main scale and the vernier scale.

Aneroid Barometer :

Lucien Vidie, The French physicist invented the aneroid (without liquid) the barometer in 1843. An aneroid barometer is a container that holds a scaled chamber from which some air has been removed, creating a partial vacuum.

An elastic disk covering the chamber is connected to a pointer by a chain and springs. With the change in atmospheric pressure, it contracts or expands causing the pointer to move accordingly over a dial.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE 

Advanced instruments:

The most modern instrument is MEMS or Micro electro-mechanical System. It is a micro (0,0001 – 0,01 mm) instrument which is used in electronic barometers.

There is also an automatic barograph which measures air pressure. Nowadays, an air pressure measuring automatic system is provided in smartphones, wrist watches etc.

Factors Affecting Atmospheric Pressure

Factors responsible for variation in air pressure on the earth’s surface are :

Altitude:

With an increasing height of place, air pressure decreases. On average for every 300-meter rise, there is a fall of air pressure by 34 MB.

Air Temperature:

Air pressure is inversely related to air temperature

1. when air temperature increases, air expands and low pressure is developed, for Example. Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt,
2. when temperature decreases air becomes dense and high pressure develops, Example. Polar High Pressure Belt.

Water Vapour:

In the rainy season, the air is moist. So it is light and low air pressure is formed. Dry air is dense and heavy. So it forms high pressure.

Rotation Of The Earth:

Due to the rotation of the earth, much of the air is removed from the polar region and the warm and light air above the equator is deflected to the north and to the south.

Finally, it descends over the tropics. Therefore, Sub-polar Low-Pressure Belts develop around 60* N and S. Sub-tropical High-Pressure Belts develop around 30° N and South latitudes.

Distribution Of Land And Water:

In mid-latitudes (30°- 60°) land is warmer than water in summer. In winter it is cooler than the water body. So low pressure develops on land in summer and high pressure develops on land in winter.

Isobar:

An imaginary line drawn on a map joining the places having the same air pressure reduced to sea level is called an isobar. Latin word ‘iso’ means same and ‘Baros’ means pressure.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE 

Pressure Gradient:

The change in atmospheric pressure per unit of horizontal distance in the direction in which pressure changes most rapidly is known as the Pressure gradient.

A weak pressure gradient is formed when isobars are far apart, while a strong pressure gradient is formed when isobars are closely spaced.

Pressure Belts Of The Earth—Shifting Of Pressure Belts, Winds:

WBBSE Chapter 2 Atmosphere Pressure Belts Of The Earth

On the earth’s surface, there exists a pattern of alternate high and low pressure throughout the year, each of them over a definite region almost encircling the earth. There are seven pressure belts on the Earth’s surface.

1. Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt:

Location on either side of the equator extending between 5°-10° N and S latitudes lies the Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt throughout the year.

Origin:

It is formed due to

1. Falling of vertical sun rays over the equator throughout the year.
2. There is a vast water surface from which the air gets plenty of moisture and
3. The rotation of the earth detects the air of the layers above the equator towards the north and the south. So there is a continuous ascent of light air because of which this low-pressure belt is formed.

2. sud- a tropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere and
3. High-Pressure Belt of Southern Hemisphere.

Location:

There are two high-pressure belts located between 35° N and S latitudes.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Notes WBBSE 

Origin:

The reasons for the formation of these two high-pressure belts are

1. Warm and light air above the equator rises, cools at higher altitudes and is deflected by the rotation of the earth polewards in both the hemispheres finally this cool and heavy air descends over the tropics,
2. Due to the rotation of the earth cold wind of the polar region moves towards these regions. Therefore, there is a continuous descent of cold air over these regions and this is known as Sub-Tropical Calm.

 4. polar High-pressure belt of the Northern Hemisphere and
5. Polar High-Pressure Belt of Southern Hemisphere.

Location:

High-pressure belts develop around the North Pole and around the South Pole.

Origin:

These high-pressure belts develop mainly due to

1. The air is very cold, therefore,  it is dense and heavy,
2. Evaporation is slow, therefore, moisture is less,
3. Air rising from the sub-polar low-pressure belt also comes down over this region.

6. Sub-polar Low-Pressure Belt of-Northern Hemisphere and
7. Sub-polar Low-Pressure Belt of Southern Hemisphere

Location:

Low pressure develops around the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.

Origin:

1. The rotation of the earth causes the air of these regions to move towards the equator,
2. Air moving from the two poles towards sub-polar regions expands because of the greater extent.

Shifting Of Pressure Belts

Ideal positions of the pressure belts are not found all the time everywhere. They may shift due to the northerly and southerly annual apparent movement of the sun.

They shift by 5°-10° to the north and to the south with northerly (May-July) and southerly (Nov-Jan) annual apparent movement of the sun.

They’re a great influence on the shifting of pressure belts in world climates,

1. With the northerly apparent movement of the sun, the Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt shifts to the north by 5°-8° northwards. As a result, the southeast trade wind crosses the equator and according to Ferret’s law becomes the southwest monsoon wind.
2. Places between 30° and 40e latitudes in both hemispheres come under the influence of westerlies in winter and dry trade winds in summer.

WBBSE Class 10 Environment Chapter 2 Important Points

Winds

The horizontal movement of air from one place to another on the earth’s surface is known as wind. The mechanism of blowing wind is mainly caused by the variation in air pressure on different parts of the earth.

Wind always blows from the region of high pressure to the region of low pressure. Winds are of four types

1. Planetary winds,
2. Periodic winds,
3. Local winds,
4. Sudden or Irregular winds.

Planetary Winds

Winds blowing permanently on the earth’s surface throughout the year in a definite direction from the high-pressure belts to low-pressure belts are Known as Planetary or Prevailing wind. They are three types

1. Trade winds,
2. Westerlies and
3. Polar wind.

Trade Winds:

The word ‘Trade’ means track. Winds move in a definite track to the Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt. Trade winds move from Sub-Tropical High-Pressure Belts to the Equatorial tow Pressure Belt.

According to Ferrel’s law, they deflect to their right in the northern hemisphere and to their left in the southern hemisphere.

Westerlies:

Winds blowing from the Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belts to Sub-Polar Low-Pressure Belts are Known as Westerlies. They blow from 35°s N and S to 60° N and S latitudes.

Polar Winds:

Winds blowing from the Polar High Pressure Belt to Sub-Polar Low-Pressure Belts in both hemispheres are known as Polar winds. They blow from 65° to 80° latitudes in both hemispheres.

Periodic Winds

Variations in air temperature and pressure causes winds to change their direction for a specific period. This type of wind is called Periodic wind, for Example.

1. Land Breeze,
2. Sea Breeze,
3. Monson Winds and
4. Mountain and Valley Breeze

Land Breeze:

At night landmass cools faster than the adjacent water body due to the differential cooling capacity of land and sea.

Thus, low temperature forms high pressure on land from which wind blows to the low pressure of waterbody where the temperature is relatively high. This is known as a land Breeze. It becomes strongest in the morning.

Sea Breeze:

During the day, the landmass warms up faster than the adjacent waterbody because of the differential heating and cooling capacity of land and sea.

Thus, the high temperature on landforms is low pressure to which wind blows from the high pressure of the sea where the temperature is comparatively low.

WBBSE Class 10 Environment Chapter 2 Important Points

This is known as Sea Breeze. It is strongest in the afternoon and blows with a speed of 15 km. per hour in a temperate region.

Monsoon Wind:

The word ‘Monsoon’ is coined from the Arabian word ‘Mausim’ meaning ‘season’. This is large-scale land and sea breeze that blows as southwest monsoon wind in summer from the high pressure of the Indian Ocean to the low pressure of the Indian landmass.

It blows as north-east monsoon wind in winter from the high pressure of the Indian landmass to the low pressure of the Indian Ocean.

Mountain And Valley Breeze:

In lofty mountainous land at night, mountain wind and during the day, valley wind blow. At night cold and heavy air is drained into the valley by the gravitational pull of the earth.

This is known as the Mountain wind or Katabatic wind (the Greek word ‘Kata’ means ‘down’). During the day in calm sunny weather, a hill or mountain top will be radiatively warmed by the sun and in turn, heat the air just above.

Air at a similar altitude over an adjacent valley or plain does not get warmed so much and high pressure is formed from which wind blows up the hill.

This upslope wind is known as the Anabatic wind. The Greek word ‘Ana’ means ‘up’.

Local Winds

Local winds are caused locally due to relief, environment etc. There are two types:

1. Warm local winds are Fohn, chinook, loo, sirocco and
2. Cold local winds are mistral, bora.

Fohn:

It is a hot and dry wind which blows along the southern slopes of the Alps into the Rhine Valley and helps in blooming flowers.

Chinook:

The word ‘Chinook’ means ‘snow eater’. It is a hot and dry wind which blows along the eastern slopes of the Rockies into the plains of Prairie and melts ice in winter, thus, helping in agriculture.

Sirocco:

It is a warm dry dusty wind which originates in the Arabian and Sahara desert and flows towards the Mediterranean Sea. It is called Sirocco in Sicily of Italy.

Loo:

During summer hot and dry wind blows over the plateau of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand in India. This is known as Loo.

WBBSE Class 10 Environment Chapter 2 Important Points

Mistral:

The cold and dry wind which blows from the Alps in Europe into the Rhone Valley in Southern France in winter is known as Mistral.

Bora:

It is a cold and dry wind which blows on the Adriatic coast of Italy.

Sudden Or Irregular Winds

Cyclone:

Irregular winds with strong storms are called cyclones. In the cyclone, winds from outside blow spirally inside towards the centre. It moves clockwise in Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones are of two types-Tropical cyclones and Temperate cyclones.

Tropical Cyclone:

Deep depression or low pressure may develop due to high temperatures over the oceans between 5° N to 30° S latitudes of the tropical region.

Due to low pressure (fall of air pressure by 20 to 40 MB within a few hours) cold and heavy air rushes into the centre of low pressure and finally rises with a great speed. This is known as a Tropical cyclone.

Centre of the cyclone Strong wind where the lowest air pressure prevails is known as the eye. It is characterised by calm and stable weather conditions. It is encircled by dense cumulonimbus cloud which causes heavy rain with storms.

This is known as ‘Cyclone’ in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, ‘Typhoon’ in the China Sea, ‘Hurricane’ in the Caribbean Sea ‘Wily Wily’ in Australia and ‘Baguio’ on the Philippine coast.

Anti-Cyclone:

In anti-cyclone wind blows spirally outward from the centre of the high-pressure cell in a clockwise circulation in Northern Hemisphere and in an anti-clockwise circulation in Southern Hemisphere. Anti-cyclone presents stable weather conditions.

Tornado:

In the southern part of the U.S.A., a devastating short-lived cyclone of land origin is known as Tornado. A dense cloud descends like a funnel which picks up almost everything on its way.

WBBSE Class 10 Environment Chapter 2 Important Points

Jet Stream

A jet stream is a strong flowing ribbon of air that flows in the upper part of the Troposphere (10 12 km height). It blows with a speed of a minimum of 90 km to a maximum of 500 km per hour.

It stretches for a few km. Jet streams are of three types-Polar, Sub-tropical and Westerly jet Tropical jet streams.

Relation Between Monsoon And Jet Streams:

with the southerly movement of Sub-tropical westerly jet streams in winter, the North-east Trade wind becomes stronger and more active.

In India and intensity of coldness in winter increases with the northerly shifting of the tropical easterly jet stream (Pubali jet) in the rainy season, south-west monsoon wind becomes weak and causes scanty rainfall and drought in India.

WBBSE Chapter 2 Atmosphere Humidity And Precipitation

Concept Of Hydrological Cycle:

About 3/4th of the earth’s surface is water which rotates in cycles in its three forms- liquid (water), gas (water vapour) and solid (ice).

The hydrological cycle or water cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the earth’s surface. As moist air rises, it cools and water vapour condenses to form clouds.

They have been transported to the earth’s surface again through precipitation it is either in the form of rain or snow. Some of it again evaporates and back into the atmosphere while part of it may penetrate the surface.

Groundwater either seeps into the ocean river or streams through springs are released back into the atmosphere through the transpiration of plants.

WBBSE Class 10 Environment Chapter 2 Important Points

The rest is the surface runoff which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is finally back to the ocean from where the cycle begins again.

The water cycle plays a great role in the sustenance of life, the texture of the soil, the physiological processes of plants, the control of climate and the sustenance of the ecosystem.

Evaporation:

Evaporation is the process of transformation of water from the earth’s surface into a gaseous phase on water vapour.

Evaporation plays an important role in the formation of clouds, rain, fog and dew as it supplies water vapour into the atmosphere. Therefore, it also controls the weather and climate of a place.

Humidity:

Air containing water vapour is referred to as humid air. Humidity is the dampness of the atmosphere. Humid air consists of 2 to 5 per cent water vapour. Air without water vapour is known as dry air. Humidity is expressed in three ways

1. Absolute humidity,
2. Specific humidity and
3. Relative humidity.

Absolute humidity:

This is the mass of water vapour in grams contained in one cubic centimetre of airmass.

Specific humidity:

The amount of water vapour in gram present in one kg. of air is known as Specific humidity eg. 20 gm. per kg.

Relative humidity:

This is the ratio between the absolute humidity and the amount of water vapour the air can hold at a given temperature, expressed in percentage, therefore, Relative humidity is

⇒ \(\text { Relative humidity }=\frac{\text { Absolute humidity }}{\text { Saturation content at the same temperature }} \times 100\)

Example:

47% relative humidity indicates that the air is unsaturated and holds 47% of the water vapour which is required to make it saturated.

Saturated Air:

Air containing its maximum capacity of water vapour is known as saturated air. Air containing less than its maximum capacity is known as unsaturated air.

Air can be said saturated if the relative humidity is 100%; otherwise, with less than 100% relative humidity in the air is said to be unsaturated air.

If the temperature of saturated air is decreased or water vapour is added to saturated air excess water will condense and form clouds to give rain.

Dew Point:

Usually, the air is unsaturated. But it may become saturated with the same water vapour content if temperature decreases because, at a lower temperature, the water retaining capacity of the air also decreases.

The temperature at which air becomes saturated is known as the dew point. At the dew point relative humidity is 100%. The air releases its extra water vapour content so that it condenses to form dew.

Measurement Of Humidity:

The relative humidity of air is measured by Hygrometer. It consists of dry and wet bulb thermometers.

Condensation And Its Different Forms

Moist air is light. So it rises and at high altitude it becomes cooled and ultimately at the dew point, the air becomes saturated.

Further cooling below the dew point turns water vapour into tiny water droplets or ice particles. This process is known as condensation.

Dew:

This is the condensation of water vapour into water droplets which rest on any surface like grass, leaf, roof etc.

WBBSE Class 10 Environment Chapter 2 Important Points

Fog:

These are condensation forms of water vapour into tiny water droplets which are floating in the air at a lower level of the atmosphere.

Smog:

In cities and towns smoke particles mix up with fog to form smog (smoke + fog = smog).

Cloud:

Moist and warm air is light. It rises and becomes cooled at higher altitudes. So condensation turns water vapour into tiny water droplets or ice particles which float in the air.

Thus floating particles are, together, known as clouds. These particles are very much tiny with an average diameter of 0.01 mm.

Precipitation-Concept:

Precipitation is the fall of water through the atmosphere on the earth’s surface in the form of rainfall, drizzle, snowfall, sleet or hail because of the droplets of water.

Ice or frozen water vapour in a cloud grows too large for updrafts. But fog, dew, and mist are not considered as precipitation as the throwing down of moisture is not involved in the mechanism of their formation

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 2 Solutions

Rainfall

Bigger water drops in a cloud ranging between 0-2 and 6 mm in diameter fall as rain by the gravitational pull of the earth.

Types Of Rainfall:

Rainfall is of three types

1. Convectional,
2. Relief and
3. Cyclonic.

Convectional Rainfall:

In the equatorial region, vast stretches of water bodies get heated Relief rainfall-When warm and moist and the warm and moist air above rises.

It attains a high altitude in the conventional process and becomes cool. Thus the air becomes saturated at dew point temperature.

Further cooling leads to the condensation of water vapour into water drops which fall vertically on the earth. This is known as convectional rain. It occurs every afternoon.

Relief Rainfall:

when warm and moist air is forced to rise the windward slope of a mountain or highland, it becomes cooled and condenses to give heavy rainfall on the windward side.

But on the lee side the air descends and gives no rain. Thus the region on the lee side becomes a rainshadow area.

Southwest monsoon wind gives heavy rain to the western slope of the Western Ghats but the eastern slopes, especially, the interior of the Deccan plateau remain a rainshadow area.

Cyclonic Rainfall:

Parallel to the earth’s surface, two converging air masses of different temperatures are responsible for the warm and light airmass rising over the cold and dense air.

In its ascent, the warm air cools. Condensations take place to cause cyclonic rainfall. This is common in Temperate regions.

In Tropical regions, low pressure develops on waterbodies and it causes cyclones associated with heavy rainfall.

Drizzle:

Sometimes, tiny water droplets (less than 0-5 mm in diameter) incessantly fall on the earth’s surface. This is known as a drizzle.

Snowfall:

In the upper part of the atmosphere where the temperature goes below freezing point, water droplets turn into ice particles to fall over the lofty mountains or in cold climatic regions such as snowfall.

Hail and Sleet:

In the upper part of the atmosphere, when water droplets ascend to a high altitude they turn into small grains of ice.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 2 Solutions

When these grains coalesce into bigger sizes, they fall to the earth like stones which are called hailstones and when they fall along with rain they are called sleet.

Measurement Of Rainfall:

A rain Gauge is used to measure the amount of rainfall. It is measured in mm, cm or inch.

Isohyte:

The imaginary line drawn on a map connecting the places with the same amount of rainfall is known as Isohyet.

Major Climatic Regions Of The World:

There are certain areas of the world each of which has its own climatic characteristics, especially, identical temperature and rainfall conditions.

WBBSE Chapter 2 Atmosphere Principal Climatic Regions Of The World

Identification Of Climate And Hemisphere With The Help Of Temperature And Rainfall Graph:

Representation of the average temperature and rainfall of a particular place at a particular time with a definite scale in a graph is known as a Temperature rainfall graph.

It helps to know many features regarding climate Example. the annual range of temperature of a place, the position of a place in which hemisphere from temperature.

The place belongs to which climate from the amount of temperature and rainfall, differences between climates of various places etc.

Identification Of Hemisphere:

The hemisphere to which a place belongs can easily be identified from the shape of the temperature curve of the temperature rainfall graph:

Identification

Wet Equatorial Climate :

Temperature:

1. The high temperature throughout the year.
2. The range of temperature is low.

Rainfall :

Rainfall takes place every month.
Annual rainfall is also high.

Hemisphere :

Temperature is high from September to March. So the place belongs to Southern Hemisphere.

Climate :

Wet Equatorial Climate

Tropical Monsoon Climate

Temperature:

1. High summer temperature.
2. Mild winter temperature.
3. The medium annual range of temperature.

Rainfall:

Summer rain, winter dry.

Hemisphere:

Temperature is high from March to August. So Northern Hemisphere.

Climate:

Tropical Monsoon climate.

Tropical Hot Desert Climate

Temperature:

1. Summer temperature is high.
2. Temperature is low in winter.
3. The annual range of temperature is high.

Rainfall:

Rainfall is insignificant.

Hemisphere:

Temperature is high from May to September. So, Northern Hemisphere.

Climate:

Tropical Hot Desert Climate.

Mediterranean climate

Temperature:

Summer temperature is moderate.
Winter temperature is low.

Class 10 Geography And Environment Chapter 2 Solutions

Rainfall:

Winter rain and summer dry.

Hemisphere:

Temperature is high from October to March. So it is Northern Hemisphere.

Climate:

Mediterranean Climate:

Tundra Climate

Temperature:

Summer temperature is too low. Most of the time-temperature remains below freezing point.

Rainfall:

Rainfall is insignificant.

Hemisphere:

Temperature is minimum from March to May. So it is Southern Hemisphere.

Climate:

Tundra Climate.

•  Chapter 1 Exogenetic Processes And Resultant Landforms
• Chapter 2 Atmosphere
• Chapter 3 Hydrosphere

•  Chapter 4 Waste Management
•  Chapter 5 India
• Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery And Topographical Map