Class 8 English

WBBSE Chapter 16 Clauses

As he is ill, he cannot come.

This is the boy who did it.

প্রথম বাক্যে দুইটি অংশ “As he is ill” এবং “he cannot come” – প্রত্যেকটি একটি সম্পূর্ণ Sentence, কারণ প্রত্যেকটিতেই Subject ও Predicate আছে। আবার প্রত্যেকটিই “As he is ill, he cannot come”—এই সম্পূর্ণ Sentence-টির একটি অংশ।

এইরূপ দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে “who did it” ও “This is the boy”—এই দুইটি ছোটো Sentence সম্পূর্ণ বড়ো Sentence-এর অংশ।

এইরূপ যে ছোটো Sentence কোনো বৃহত্তর Sentence-এর অংশ তাকে Clause বলে। A Clause is a sentence forming part of a bigger sentence.

Kinds of Clauses

Clause তিন শ্রেণির, যথা ঃ

1. Principal Clause
2. Subordinate বা Dependent
3. Co-ordinating Clause

Principal Subordinate Dependent Clause

• As he is ill, he cannot come.
• This is the boy who did it.

উপরের উদাহরণ দুটি নিয়ে আরও আলোচনা করা যাকঃ

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

প্রথম উদাহরণে “he cannot come” এই clause-টিই প্রধান বক্তব্য প্রকাশ করছে। “As he is ill” এই clause-টি “he cannot come”—এই clause-টির উপর নির্ভর না করে সম্পূর্ণ বক্তব্য প্রকাশ করতে পারে না।

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে “This is the boy” এই clause-টিই প্রধান বক্তব্য প্রকাশ করছে। “who did it” এই clause-টি “this is the boy” এই clause-টির উপর নির্ভর না করে সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না।

এইরূপ যে Clause প্রধান বক্তব্য প্রকাশ করে তাকে Principal Clause এবং যে Clause অন্য Clause-এর উপর নির্ভরশীল তাকে Dependent Clause বা Subordinate Clause বলে।

A clause that is dependent on another clause is called a Subordinate or Dependent Clause. A clause which stands by itself and on which the Subordinate Clause depends is called the Principal Clause.is ill” “who did it”
“he cannot come” “this is the boy”

নীচের sentence-গুলিতে আরও কিছু Principal ও Subordinate Clause-এর উদাহরণ দেওয়া হল ঃ

মনে রেখো, Finite Verb-ই Clause-এর মূল জিনিস। প্রত্যেক Clause-এ একটি Finite Verb থাকতে হবে এবং একটি Sentence-এ যতটি Finite Verb’ ততটি Clause থাকে।

Co-ordinate Clause

নীচের sentence-গুলি দেখোঁ :

He went home and then left for Delhi.

He is poor, but he will help you.

প্রথম বাক্যে “He went home” এবং “then (he) left for Delhi” এই দুইটি clauses ; কিন্তু কেউ কারও উপর নির্ভর না করে পুরোপুরি অর্থ বোঝায়। এরা উভয়েই সমপদস্থ এবং and দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে “He is poor” ও “he will help you”এই দুইটি clauses সমপদস্থ, bit দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়েছে।
বলে।

এইরূপ একই sentence-এর মধ্যে সমপদস্থ যে সব clause থাকে তাদেরকে Co-ordinate Clause

A Co-ordinate Clause is of the same rank as another and is connected by a Co-ordinating Conjunction with the latter.

Co-ordinating clause- and, but, for, or, not only – but also, either-or, neither-nor, therefore Co-ordinating Conjunctions

He left the place, but I remained there.

He is poor and cannot do it.

Either you must come or I shall go.

I cannot come, for I am ill.

Read or you will fail.

Subordinate Clauses তিন রকমের :

1. Noun Clause – Noun
2. Adjective Clause – Adjective
3. Adverbial Clause – Adverb

Noun Clause

Noun Clause বাক্যে Noun-এর কাজ করে। এটি সাধারণত Conjunction that (expressed or understood) what, whose, how, why Interrogative Pronoun Interrogative Adverb

Noun Clause-কে Nominal Clause ও বলা হয়।

Noun Clause-এর ব্যবহার :

1. Subject to a verb:

That he is ill is known to all.

When he will come is uncertain.

বাক্য দুটিতে “That he is ill” ও “When he will come” এই দুটি Noun Clauses যথাক্রমে ‘is known” ও “is”-Subjects.

2. Object to a verb:

I know when he will come.

He said that he would go.

বাক্য দুটিতে “when he will come” ও “that he would go ” এই দুটি Noun Clauses যথাক্রমে “know” “said”- Objects.

3. Object to a preposition:

It rests on how he behaves.

এখানে Noun Clause-টি “on” এই Preposition-এর Object-রূপে ব্যবহৃত হচ্ছে।

4. In apposition to a noun or “it”.

There is a rumour that he is ill.

It is true that he has come.

“that he is ill” “that he has come” “rumour” “it”- Apposition.

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause বাক্যে adjective-এর কাজ করে এবং ইহা কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-কে qualify করবে। এরা সাধারণতঃ Relative Pronoun বা Relative Adverb দ্বারা introduced হয় :

Relative Pronouns-who, which, that, as.

Relative Adverbs-when, where, how, why, whence, as.

Adjective Clause-এর ব্যবহার :

I know the boy who did it.

This is the place where he was born.

I have lost the book (which) you gave me.

I know the time when he will come.

This is the reason why he failed.

উপরের বাক্যগুলিতে italicised clauses পাঁচটি যথাক্রমে “boy”, “place”, “book”, “time”, “reason”-কে Adjective রূপে qualify করছে।

লক্ষ্য করো, প্রত্যেকটি Subordinate Clause একটি Relative Pronoun বা Relative Adverb দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয়েছে, এবং এই Relative-এর Antecedent আছে। সেইজন্য Adjective Clause-কে অনেক সময় Relative Clause বলা Antecedent Clause- Noun Clause 1, I know who did it (object to know).

I have lost what you gave me. (obj. to have lost)

নীচের উদাহরণগুলি দেখো :

1. I know the boy who did it.

এখানে Adjective Clause-টি who এই Relative Pronoun দ্বারা শুরু হয়েছে। Adjective Clause which, what, that, whatever, whoever প্রভৃতি অন্যান্য Relative Pronoun দ্বারাও শুরু হতে পারে।

2. I know the reason why (for which) he was crying.

এখানে Adjective Clause-টি why এই Relative Adverb দ্বারা শুরু হয়েছে। where = in which, when (= on which, at which) প্রভৃতি অন্যান্য Relative Adverb দ্বারাও Adjective clause শুরু হতে পারে :

This is the place where he was born.

I know the time when he will come.

Non-Defining Relative Clause

My grandmother, who is over ninety, is still healthy.

উপরের sentence-টি হতে “who is over ninety” এই Relative Clause-টি সরিয়ে নিয়ে sentence-টি হয় My grandmother is still healthy এবং sentence-টিতে এটাই আসল কথা। অর্থাৎ who is over ninety—এই word-গুলি দ্বারা grandmother সম্বন্ধে বেশি information দেওয়া হয়েছে।

এইরূপে যে clause-দ্বারা Noun সম্বন্ধে অতিরিক্ত information দেওয়া হয় তাকে Non-Defining Relative Clause বলা হয়। আরও উদাহরণ :

Rabin babu, who is a teacher, lives here.

My uncle, whom everybody loves, is in Kanpur.

WBBSE Chapter 16 Clauses Examples

Question 1. Join the words under Column A with those under B using the Relative Pronouns ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘whose’, ‘which’, ‘whom’, ‘that’ to complete the sentences. Two are done for you.
Answer:

It is Arun whose uncle is a doctor.

This is the story that was told by Ramen.

Question 2. Join the pair of sentences using a Relative Pronoun where necessary. Begin the new sentence with words given in italics. (You may change a or a to the if necessary). One is done for you.

I am reading a book. It has two pages missing.

Answer: The book that I am reading has two pages missing.

1. We used to live in a flat. It has just been sold.
2. An old lady lives in this house. She is over seventy.
3. Pranab wrote this book. He lives at Jadavpore.
4. You are looking for Pranati. She has just come.
5. The boy is my brother. He came top in the examination.
6. My sister gave me a wall clock. It costs over five hundred rupees.

Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause বাক্যে Adverbial-এর কাজ করে। ইহা কোনো Verb, Adjective বা অন্য Adverb-কে modify করে। Adverbial clause নিম্নলিখিত প্রকারের হয় :

1. Adverbial Clauses of Time এর দ্বারা সময় নির্দেশ হয় এবং এর পূর্বে সাধারণতঃ when, while, after, before, till, until, since

He came when I was there. You went after I had come.

Strike while the iron is hot.

2. Adverbial Clauses of Place এর দ্বারা কোনো স্থান নির্দেশ হয় এবং এর পূর্বে সাধারণতঃ where, whence, wherever প্রভৃতি শব্দ ব্যবহৃত হয়। যথা ঃ

Stay where you are.

Return whence you came.

3. Adverbial Clauses of Reason or Cause – Because, as, since, that প্রভৃতি শব্দগুলি এইরূপ clause-এর পূর্বে বসে। যথাঃ

He cannot come because he is ill.

As he is ill, he cannot come.

Since you are ill, you need not come.

4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose এর দ্বারা কোনো উদ্দেশ্য বোঝায় এবং এর পূর্বে সাধারণতঃ that, in order that, so that, lest

We read that we may learn.

He works hard in order that he may succeed.

5. Adverbial Clauses of Result that, so that, such, that ইত্যাদি শব্দ বসে। যথা ঃযথাঃ

What have I done that you rebuke me?

I am so tired that I cannot walk.

He is such a fool that I cannot depend on him.

6. Adverbial Clauses of Manner এর দ্বারা ধরন বা রকম বোঝায় এবং এর পূর্বে as ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Travel as you like.

It happened as I expected.

7. Adverbial Clauses of Condition or Supposition এর দ্বারা কোনো শর্ত বোঝায় এবং এর পূর্বে if, unless, in case, whether, on condition, supposing that f যথাঃ

If I succeed, I shall help you.

I shall not go unless you come.

I may come in case I have time.

8. Adverbial Clauses of Concessions though, although, even if, even

Though he is poor, he is honest.

I shall go even if you do not come with me.

9. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison or Degree এর দ্বারা তুলনা বোঝায় এবং এর পূর্বে so-as, as-as, than প্রভৃতি শব্দ বসে। যথাঃ

He is not so fooling as you think.

He is as wise as you (are).

e is taller than you (are).

একই Clause প্রয়োগ অনুসারে তিন প্রকারেরই হতে পারে :

I know where he lives-Noun clause, object to ‘know’.

I know the place where he lives-Adj. clause, qualifying the noun ‘place’.

I shall go where he lives-Adv. clause, modifying the verb ‘shall go.’

Question 3. Find out the Noun, Adjective, Adverbial clauses from the following sentences:
Answer:

Noun clause:

1. I know where he lives. – where he lives
2. I know when he will come. – when he will come
3. The truth is he is ill. – he is ill
4. When he will come is uncertain. – when he will come
5. I heard what he had said. – what he had said
6. I do not believe what he says. – what he says
7. It depends on how he fares. – how he fares
8. It is said that he will resign. – that he will resign
9. That he is intelligent is admitted by all.- that he is intelligent

Adjective Clause:

1. The book that you gave me is lost. – that you gave me
2. This is the man whom I saw.- whom I saw
3. I know the day when he will come – when he will come
4. The plan that you wish to follow is very complicated. – that you wish to follow
5. The girls you saw are my sisters. – you saw
6. The story that you told me is very interesting – that you told me
7. People who are. rich are not always happy.- who are rich
8. Tell me the way how he did it.- the way how he did it

Adverbial Clause:

1. He came here when there was none.- when there was none
2. As he is ill, he cannot come. – As he is ill
3. If you sit idle, you cannot. prosper. – If you sit idle
4. He could not come since he is ill. – since he is ill
5. Do as I tell you.- as I tell you
6. Because you are ill, you should take rest – Because you are ill
7. He spoke so loud that everybody could hear him.- so loud that everybody could hear him
8. When I was a child, I learnt how to swim.- when I was a child
9. Though he is weak, he will try – though he is weak

More About Conditional Sentences

‘If’ clause সর্বদাই conditional sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং তা sentence-এর প্রথমে বা পরে বসতে পারে। এতে sentence-এর অর্থের কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। Instruction দিতেও এই clause ব্যবহৃত হয়। নীচের উদাহরণগুলি লক্ষ্য করো।

Question 4. Write a conditional sentence for each of the following signs. One is done for you.
Answer:

1.

2.

You’ll Probably Be Safe If You Stay In Your Car.

You’ll Probably Get An Electric Shock.

You’ll Probably Cause A Fire.

The Tiger Will Probably Bite You.

You’ll Probably Get Into Difficulties.

You’ll Probably Get Into Troubles.

WBBSE Chapter 17 Simple And Complex Sentences Transformation Of Sentences

গঠন-প্রকৃতি অনুসারে Sentence-গুলিকে তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা হয় :

1. Simple
2. Complex
3. Compound

Simple Sentence

Simple Sentence-এ মাত্র একটি Subject ও একটি Finite Verb থাকে। Subject এবং Verb-এর qualifying words, Objects ইত্যাদি থাকতে পারে। কিন্তু মূল জিনিস—Finite Verb মাত্র একটি ও Subject মাত্র একটি। নীচের বাক্যগুলিতে প্রধান Subject-word ও Verb-টি italics-এ দেওয়া আছে :-

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

Complex Sentence

1. I came.
2. I came home.
3. I came home yesterday.
4. The good boy obeys his parents.

Complex Sentence.

Principal Clause Subordinate Clauses

থাকে। মনে রেখো যতটি Finite Verbs ততটি Clauses.

I know when he will come.

This is the place where he was born.

As you are rich, you must help those who are poor.

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যেও মাত্র দুটি finite verbs (is, was born ) ; সুতরাং মাত্র দুটি clauses: “This is the place ” এটি Principal, “where he was born” aft Subordinate Adj. clause, qualifying place.

তৃতীয় বাক্যে তিনটি finite verbs (are, must help, ure), সুতরাং তিনটি clauses: দুইটি Subordinate ও একটি Principal.

As you are rich-Sub. Adv. clauses, qualifying must help.

You must help those-Principal clause.

Who are poor-Sub. Adj. clause, qualifying those.

Compound Sentence-এর সম্বন্ধে তোমরা পরে পড়বে।

Transformation Of Sentences

কোনো sentence-এর অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ বজায় রেখে তার আকার বা form পরিবর্তন করা যায়। একে Transformation (Conversion) of Sentences

নীচে Simple ও Complex sentence-এর Conversion-এর কিছু উদাহরণ দেওয়া হল।

Simple into Complex

Simple Sentence-এর কোনো word বা phrase কে Subordinate Clause-এ পরিণত করে Simple Sentence-Complex Sentence- Subordinate Clauseft Noun, Adjective Adverb Clause হতে পারে।

Noun Clause

Simple: I know his name.
Complex: I know what his name is.

Simple: He came at 5 p.m.
Complex: It was 5 p.m. when he came.

Simple: He will certainly go.
Complex: It is certain that he will go.

Simple: Tell me your address.
Complex: Tell me where you live.

Simple: He declared his innocence.
Complex: He declared that he was innocent.

Simple: You may criticise my action.
Complex: You may criticise what I do.

Adjective Clause

Simple: He is the last man to do it.
Complex: He is the last man that would do it.

Simple: He is a rich man.
Complex: He is a man who is rich.

Simple: I follow my father’s example.
Complex: I follow the example which was set by my father.

Simple: I have no money to spare.
Complex: I have no money that I can spare.

Simple: This is my birthplace.
Complex: This is the place where I was born.

Adverb Clause

Simple: He is too weak to walk.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Simple: Only students are allowed here.
Complex: You can be allowed here only if you are a student.

Simple: On seeing the lion, he ran away.
Complex: When he saw the lion he ran away.

Complex into Simple

Complex Sentence-কে Simple Sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Subordinate clause-কে একটি phrase বা word-এ পরিণত করতে হয়। যথা :

Noun Clause

Complex: I know what his intention is.
Simple: I know his intention.

Complex: Tell me where he lives.
Simple: Tell me his address.

Complex: He wants that I should go.
Simple: He wants me to go.

Adjective Clause

Complex: He was the last man who went there.
Simple: He was the last man to go there.

Complex: I have a story which I want to tell you.
Simple: I have a story to tell you.

Complex: Only those boys who will work hard will succeed.
Simple: Only hard working boys will succeed.

Adverb Clause

Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: He is too weak to walk.

Complex: He left after I had come.
Simple: He left after my arrival.

Complex: Though he is ill, he will come.
Simple: In spite of his illness he will come.

WBBSE Chapter 17 Simple And Complex Sentences Transformation Of Sentences Examples

1. State if the sentences are Simple or Complex. Identify the clauses also.

1. He came home last night.-Simple
2. It was dark when he came.-Complex
   • It was a dark-Principal clause.
   • when he came–Sub. Adv. clause.
3. I know that he is intelligent.-Complex
   • I know–Principal clause.
   • that he is intelligent-Sub. Noun clause.
4. I admit my fault.- simple
5. He knows that the teacher is angry with him. -Complex
   • He knows-Principal clause
   • that the teacher is angry with him-Sub. Noun clause.
6. He is buried here.-Simple
7. He gave me a nice box.-Simple
8. He gave me a box that was nice. – Complex
   • He gave me a box-Principal clause.
   • that was nice-Sub. Adj. clause.
9. He heard the judgment that the judge passed.-Complex
   • He heard the judgement-Principal clause.
   • that the judge passed– Sub. Adj. clause.
10. I told him to be brief. Simple
11. I told him that he should be brief.-Complex.
    • I told him-Principal clause.
    • that he should be brief-Sub. Noun clause.”

2. Convert the following Shapie sentences into Complex ones.

Using Noun clauses: I know his name. I am sure of his passing. We have heard of his success. I know him to be guilty. I desire to go. The teacher noted your absence.
Answer:

I know what his name is. I am sure that he will pass. We have heard that he has succeeded. I know that he is guilty. I desire that I should go. The teacher noted that you were absent.

Using Adjective clauses: He was the last boy to come to school today. He did not get the letter written by me. Only intelligent boys will pass the examination. The men in the room  ushed out,
Answer:

He was the last boy who came to school today. He did not get the letter that I wrote to him. Only those boys who are intelligent will pass the examination. The men who were inside the room rushed out.

Using Adverb clauses: I went there in the evening. He came at night. He was glad to hear this. He could not come to school today for his illness. You cannot succeed without hard work.
Answer:

I went there when it was evening. It was night when he came. He was glad when he heard this. As he was ill, he could not come to school today. You cannot succeed if you do not work hard.

3. Convert the following Simple sentences into Complex ones. One is done for you.
Answer:

I wish you success. Can you tell me the time? I want to go home. I believe in his honesty. This is his birthplace. The report of his illness is true. A brave boy will not fear this. This is my house. He is a man of his word. Alexander, the king of Macedonia, invaded India.

He was the first boy to do it. He saw a big tiger. I could not come on account of illness. He left after my departure. I am too weak to run. He came just at 5 p.m. Wait here till my return. You are too lazy to shine in life. He is not a man to tell a lie.

4. Convert the following Complex sentences into Simple ones. One is done for you.
Answer:

I know where he was born I know his birthplace. He told me what his name was. I pray that he may be successful in life. That he is clever is admitted by all. He did not get the letter that I wrote to him. I have nothing that I can do. Only those boys who are intelligent will pass.

We must love those who live near us. I asked him why he had come late. He acted as a wise man does. He left after I had come. He is pleased that you have succeeded. Though he is poor, he is honest. I am so tired that I cannot walk.

That he will fail is certain. This is the house where he was born. I told him that he should be brief. I have no book that I can lend you. The reply which he has made was foolish. The opinion you have formed of me is unjust.

WBBSE Chapter 18 Transformation Of Sentences

কোনো sentence-এর অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ বজায় রেখে তার রূপ Simple Sentence থেকে Complex Sentence- কীভাবে পরিবর্তন করা যায় তা তোমরা পূর্ববর্তী Chapter-এ দেখেছ। অন্যান্য আরও কিছু ক্ষেত্রে কীরূপভাবে এইরূপ Sentence-এর পরিবর্তন করা যায় তা দেখো।

Interchange of Affirmative and Negative Sentences. হ্যাঁ-জ্ঞাপক Sentence হতে না জ্ঞাপক Sentence

ইংরাজিতে বিভিন্নভাবে এই পরিবর্তন করা যায়। যথা ঃ

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

1. ‘No, ‘not’, ‘never? ইত্যাদি না জ্ঞাপক শব্দের পরে negative prefix অথবা বিপরীতার্থক শব্দ (antonym) বসিয়ে ঃ

• Affirmative (হ্যাঁ-জ্ঞাপক)
  • He is a bad boy
  • This answer is right.
  • This information is true.
  • He always minds his lessons.
  • This is possible.
  • Everybody will admit it.
  • He is competent for the post.
• Negative (না-জ্ঞাপক)
  • He is not a good boy.
  • This answer is not wrong.
  • This information is not false.
  • He never neglects his lessons.
  • This is not impossible.
  • Nobody will deny it.
  • He is not incompetent for the post.

2. Double Negatives

• Affirmative
  • I know him.
  • I am hopeful
  • He saw you.
  • We finished everything.
• Negative
  • It is not that I do not know him.
  • I am not without hope.
  • He did not fail to see you.
  • We left nothing unfinished.

3. Too ব্যবহার করে অথবা তা বাদ দিয়ে :

• Affirmative
  • He is too weak to carry the bag.
  • He is so good that he would help others.
• Negative
  • He is so weak that he cannot carry the bag.
  • He is too good not to help others.

4. Nore, but প্রভৃতি word ব্যবহার করে :

• Affirmative
  • Only students are allowed to enter the hall.
  • You are the only person fit for the post.
  • You must attend the meeting.
  • This is all I want.
• Negative
  • None but the students are allowed to enter the hall.
  • No other person but you is fit for the post.
  • You cannot but attend the meeting.
  • I want nothing but this.

5. বিবিধ উপারে

• Affirmative
  • Every rose has a thorn.
  • It is often difficult to speak the truth.
  • I like only sweets.
  • All must be present in the class.
• Negative
  • There is no rose without a thorn.
  • It is not always easy to speak the truth.
  • I like nothing but sweets.
  • No one can be absent from the class.

Interchange of Assertive and Exclamatory Sentences সাধারণ বাক্য এবং বিস্ময়সূচক বাক্যের পরিবর্তন

• Exclamatory
  • How fast he runs!
  • Alas! what bad news.
  • What a charming scenery!
  • Hurrah! my friend is coming.
• Assertive
  • He runs very fast.
  • It is very bad news.
  • The scenery is very charming.
  • I rejoice that my friend is coming.

Interchange of Interrogative and Assertive Sentences প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য এবং সাধারণ বাক্যের পরিবর্তন

কোনো-কোনো ক্ষেত্রে প্রশ্ন এমনভাবে করা হয় যে তার উত্তর কী হবে সহজেই অনুমান করা যায়। এইসব ক্ষেত্রে হ্যাঁ-জ্ঞাপক (affirmative) প্রশ্নের না জ্ঞাপক (Negative) উত্তর এবং না-জ্ঞাপক (negative) প্রশ্নের হ্যাঁ-জ্ঞাপক (affirmative) উত্তরই স্বাভাবিকভাবে বোঝায়।

• Interrogative
  • Is he not a great fool?
  • Who does not know him?
  • Can I ever forget you?
  • Can their glory ever fade?
  • What is the use of this statue?
  • Who has not heard of Netaji?
  • Is that the way you should behave?
• Assertive
  • He is a great fool.
  • Everybody knows him.
  • I can never forget you.
  • Their glory can never fade.
  • There is no use of this statue.
  • Everybody has heard of Netaji.
  • That is not the way you should behave.

Interchange of Degree of Comparison

Positive: Amal is not so tall as Bimal.
Comparative: Bimal is taller than Amal.

Positive: He is ferocious as a tiger.
Comparative: A tiger is not more ferocious than he.

Positive: He is the best boy in the class.
Comparative: He is better than any other boy (or, all other boys) in the class.

Positive: No other boy in the class is so good as he is.
Comparative: Iron is the most useful of all metals.

Positive: Iron is more useful than any other metal (or, all other metals).
Comparative: No other metal is so useful as Iron.

WBBSE Chapter 19 Verbing Form Participles And Gerunds

Participles

নীচের Sentence গুলি লক্ষ্য করো :

I found him reading.

He jumped from the moving train.

I found him reading a book.

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

উপরের প্রত্যেকটি sentence-এ Verb-এর সাথে ing যোগ হয়ে word টি Adjective-এর মতো কোনো noun বা pronoun-কে qualify করছে।

প্রথম Sentence-এ ‘reading ‘ Adjective-এর মতো ব্যবহৃত হয়ে him-কে qualify করছে।

দ্বিতীয় Sentence-এ ‘moving’ Adjective-এর মতো ব্যবহৃত হয়ে train-কে qualify করছে।

তৃতীয় Sentence-এ ‘reading’-এর মধ্যে Verb ও Adjective দুইটিরই ক্রিয়া আছে ; adjective রূপে him-কে qualify করে, আর verb রূপে এর object “book”.

সুতরাং উপরের তিনটি Sentence-এ Verb-এর শেষে ing যোগ হয়ে wordটি হয় শুধু Adjective বা Adjective ও Verb দুইটিরই ক্রিয়া করে। এরকম word-কে Present Participle বলে।

নীচে এরূপ আরও কয়েকটি sentence দেওয়া হল ঃ

I saw him running for shelter.

He found the boys playing in the field.

The people watched the stone rolling down the hill.

The baby started crying.

Present Participle যুক্ত Simple Sentence-কে দুইটি clause-এ ভাগ করে Complex Sentence-এ পরিবর্তিত করা যায়। নীচের উদাহরণগুলি লক্ষ্য করো।

Simple: I saw people running for shelter.”
Complex:

• I saw that people were running for shelter. (Noun cl.)
• I saw the people who were running for shelter. (Adj. cl.)

Simple: I noticed Bimal playing in the field.
Complex:

• I noticed that Bimal was playing in the field. (Noun. cl.)
• I noticed Bimal who was playing in the field. (Adj. cl.)

Simple: This is a hanging bridge.
Complex: This is a bridge that is hanging. (Adj. cl.)

Gerunds

নীচের sentence গুলি লক্ষ্য কর :

He is fond of reading.

He is fond of reading books.

উপরের প্রথম sentence-এ ‘reading’ word টি শুধু Noun-এর মত ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে—objective case, governed by the preposition of.

দ্বিতীয় sentence-এ ‘reading’-এর মধ্যে Verb ও Noun দুইটিরই ক্রিয়া আছে— Noun-রূপে ‘of এই Preposition. এর object, আর Verb রূপে এর object books.

সুতরাং এই দুইটি sentence-এ ‘reading’ word টি Verb থেকে গঠিত হয়ে হয় শুধু Noun, বা Noun ও Verb দুটিরই ক্রিয়া করে। এ রকম word-কে Gerund বলে।

Verb-এর শেষে ing যোগ হয়ে যে word শুধু Noun বা Noun ও Verb উভয়েরই ক্রিয়া করে তাকে Gerund বলে।

Gerund এর ব্যবহার :

1. Verb Subject: Walking is a good exercise.
2. Verb object: I learn drawing. Stop playing.
3. Preposition – object He is fond of reading.
4. Complement – It is a capital saying.
5. Compound noun – A sleeping room; drinking water; a walking stick.

WBBSE Chapter 21 Concord Or Agreement

বাক্যে word-এর Number, Gender, Person ও Case-এর পরস্পর সম্বন্ধ ঠিক রাখাকেই Concord বা Agreement বলে।

সাধারণ কয়েকটি নিয়ম দেওয়া হল :-

Subject, Verb Pronoun:

Subject-number, gender person, Verb 4 Pronoun-433 number, gender ও person হয়।

He goes. They go. I am. We are. The boy plays. The boys play. The girl has done her work. The bird is in its nest.

“And”:

যখন দুই বা ততোধিক singular Noun বা Pronoun “and” দ্বারা যুক্ত করে subjects-রূপে ব্যবহার করা হয়, তখন তাদের Verb ও Pronoun সাধারণত plural হয়—
ব্যতিক্রম :

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

1. Ram and Shyam have gone to their houses.
2. She and her brother are playing in their garden.

কিন্তু যদি:

1. কিন্তু যদি Noun-গুলি একই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু বোঝায় তবে Verb ও Pronoun-গুলি singular হবে—

1. The Headmaster and Secretary has done his work.
2. The Viceroy and Governor-General has given his consent to the bill.

প্রথম বাক্যে একই ব্যক্তি Headmaster ও Secretary ; দ্বিতীয় বাক্যেও একই ব্যক্তি Viceroy ও Governor- General। এইজন্য উভয় ক্ষেত্রেই has ও his ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। his-

যদি Headmaster ও Secretary বিভিন্ন লোক হতেন তবে Secretary-র পূর্বেও the বসত এবং has ও their―The Headmaster and the Secretary have done their works. have

2. যখন প্রত্যেকটি singular Noun-এর পূর্বে each, every বা no বসে তখনও Verbটি singular হয়—

1. Each man and each woman gets a prize.
2. Every star and every planet is created by God.
3. No friend and no relative cares for me.

3. যখন and দ্বারা যুক্ত singular Noun-গুলি একটি collective idea প্রকাশ করে তখনও Verb singular হয়—

1. A hue and cry was raised.
2. The long and the short of the story is this.

3. Either—or, Neither–or-এর (হয় ইহা –নতুবা তাহা) ব্যবহার :–

1. যখন দুই বা ততোধিক singular subjects either or, neither nor দ্বারা যুক্ত করা হয় তখন Verb ও Pronoun singular
   • Either he or his brother is guilty.
   • Neither he nor his brother is guilty.
   • Neither he nor his brother has done his job.
2. যখন বিভিন্ন numbers এর subjects either or, neither nor দ্বারা যুক্ত হয় তখন plural number-টি Verb-এর কাছে বসে এবং Verb-টি plural হয়-
   • Neither the father nor the sons were present.
   • Either he or they have done this.

4. দেশ ও পুস্তকের নাম Plural form-এর হলেও এদের Verb ও Pronoun উভয়ই singular হয়— 

1. The United States of America is a rich country.
2. The Folk Tales of Bengal is a good book.

5. with ও as well as দ্বারা বিভিন্ন subjects যুক্ত হলে Verb-টি তাদের পূর্বের subject অনুযায়ী হয়-

1. He with his wife has gone to his mother.
2. They with their father have gone home.
3. He as well as his friends was present there.

WBBSE Chapter 22 Punctuation

বাক্যের মধ্যে বিভিন্ন বিরাম-চিহ্ন ব্যবহৃত হয়। এগুলিকে punctuation marks বলে। এদের মধ্যে নিম্নলিখিত কয়টিই প্রধান :

Comma (,); Semicolon (;); Full stop Period (.); Note of Interrogation [(TIKE BE)? ];

Note of Exclamation [ (বিস্ময় বা উচ্ছ্বাসবোধক চিহ্ন)! ] ; এবং Quotation marks বা Inverted commas (“-“).

Use of the Comma (,)

পড়বার সময় সবচেয়ে কম সময় বিরামের জন্য এই চিহ্ন ব্যবহৃত হয়। সাধারণ নিয়মগুলি এই ঃ

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

1. একই Part of speech দুটির বেশি একত্রে ব্যবহৃত হলে তাদের মধ্যে comma বঙ্গে। যথা ঃ

Ramesh, Jatin and Suren are brothers.

She is tall, fair, and intelligent.

Example:

1. উপরের বাক্য দুটি এভাবেও লেখা চলে :

• Ramesh, Jatin, and Suren are brothers.
• She is tall fair and intelligent.

2. দুটি মাত্র same Part of Speech যুক্ত হলে comma বসে না :

• Ram and Shyam are brothers.
• She is tall and fair.

2. Nouns, Pronouns বা Phrases যখন apposition-রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয় তখন তাদেরকে comma দ্বারা পৃথক্ করতে হয়। যথা :

• Sarala, my sister, went there.
• Asoke, the king of Pataliputra, invaded Kalinga.
• Satish Babu, Headmaster of the school, is a good man.

3. Vocative case-কে মূল Sentence হতে আলাদা করবার জন্য comma বসে। যথা :

• Boys, listen to me.
• I appeal to you, my friends, to leave the place.

4. Absolute phrase-এর পর comma বসে :

• The sun having set, we left the place.
• To speak the truth, I consider him a fool.

5. Adverbial clause-কে পৃথক করার জন্য comma বসে :

• As she is ill, she cannot come.
• If you work hard, you will succeed.

Example: কিন্তু যদি Adverbial clause-টি Principal clause-এর পরে বসে তবে প্রায়ই comma বসে না, বিশেষতঃ যদি clause-টি ছোটো হয় :

• I was glad when I saw you.
• He came after I had left.

6. Co-cromate clauses যদি and দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়, কিন্তু তাদের Subject-গুলি different হয়, অথবা Co-ordinate clauses যদি and ভিন্ন অন্য conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়, কিন্তু Subject – গুলি same হয়, তা হলে এই clause-গুলির মধ্যে comma হয় ও

• He is ill, and his father also is away.
• He is ill but will go there.

Example: কিন্তু and দ্বারা যুক্ত Co-ordinate clause-এর যদি একই Subject থাকে তবে comma বসে না :

I came and found him there.

7. Quotation marks-এর পূর্বে comma বসে ঃ

• He said, “I can do it.”
• You said, “Go there.”

Semicolon (;)

Comma অপেক্ষা দীর্ঘতর সময় থামবার দরকার হলে Semicolon বসে। সাধারণত এর প্রয়োজন হয় :

1. Co-ordinate clause-এর মধ্যে যখন কোনো Conjunction থাকে না :

• To err is human; to forgive, divine.
• I have heard his statement; it is an impossible story.

2. But, yet, siill প্রভৃতি Conjunction দ্বারা যখন বিভিন্ন Subject-বিশিষ্ট Co-ordinate clause যুক্ত হয় :

• I at once went there, but he had already left.
• He helped me, yet I failed.

Full stop (.)

1. Sentence-R GT:

• He has gone away.
• I have seen the boy.

2. সংক্ষিপ্তরূপ ( abbreviation)-এর পর ঃ

M. A. (Master of Arts); Esq., Hon., Mr., Dr., inst. ( instant).

Example:

1. আজকাল Mr. ও Dr.-এর পর Full stop না দিয়েও লেখা চলে।
2. BBC, MP, USA, UNESCO প্রভৃতি সংক্ষিপ্ত word-গুলি আজকাল বহুল পরিমাণে ব্যবহারে প্রায় word রূপেই গণ্য হয়। এসব ক্ষেত্রে তাই full stop প্রায়ই ব্যবহার করা হয় না।

Note of Interrogation (?).

প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করতে ব্যবহৃত হয় :

• When will you go?
• How old are you?

Note of Exclamation (!)

আকস্মিক উচ্ছ্বাস প্রকাশ করতে এটা ব্যবহৃত হয় :

• Bravo! my boy.
• Alas! I am ruined.
• What a sight!

Question Marks or Inverted Commas (“—”)

কাহারও কথা উদ্ধৃত করতে এটা ব্যবহৃত হয় !

• I said, “He will come.”
• She said, “I cannot go.”

Use of the Capital Letter

প্রত্যেক Sentence-এর প্রথমে :

• He is a good boy.
• He reads in class 7.

Poetry-র প্রত্যেক পংক্তির প্রথমে :

• Oft I had heard of Lucy Gray
• And, when I crossed the wild
• I chanced to see at break of day
• The solitary child.

Proper Noun And Proper Adjective-

• I saw him at Hooghly.
• My sister’s name is Kamala.
• He is a German.
• He is an Indian Christian.
• I shall go there on Sunday, or in January.

ঈশ্বর অর্থে God এবং তৎপরিবর্তে যে সব Pronoun বসে তার প্রথমে :

Oh God, we pray to Thee. It is You who made us.

I3 O যখন পৃথক word-রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয় :

It is I who did it. O solitude!

First words of a Direct Narration:

He said, “You are right.”

কিন্তু, প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তির (Direct Narration) কোনো বাক্যাংশ যদি বিরতির পরে নতুন quotation mark-এর মধ্যে লিখতে হয়, সেক্ষেত্রে প্রথম wordটি capital letter-এ সুরু হয় না। যেমন : “I have,” said he, “ never done you any wrong.”

ব্যক্তিবোধক object- (Personified Object)-এর প্রথমে :

O Death! how cruel you are!

চিঠির সম্বোধনে

Dear Sir

Punctuate the following:

1. latika went to delhi

Latika went to Delhi.

2. he will come to Kolkata on monday.

He will come to Kolkata on Monday.

3. the ganga is very dear to the hindus

The Ganga is very dear to the Hindus.

4. the teacher said london stands on the Thames

The teacher said, “London stands on the Thames.”

5. what is your name asked the teacher

“What is your name?” asked the teacher.

6. he was honest sincere hard-working and faithful

He was honest, sincere, hard-working, and faithful.

7. Why are you angry with ram.

Why are you angry with Ram?

8. When i went to his house on sunday last his father rebate babu said why have you come here whom do you want.

When I went to his house on Sunday last, his father Rebati babu said, “Why have you come here? Whom do you want ?”

WBBSE Chapter 20 Contractions

নীচের passage-টি জোরে পড়ো। শিক্ষকমহাশয় মোটা অক্ষরের word-গুলির উচ্চারণ কীরূপে করতে হয় বলেদেবেন।

Captain Das came to our school to speak to the children about safety.

“Many of you come to school on foot. Don’t try to cross the roads when buses and cars are running fast. It’s better to wait for sometime till there’s no traffic. Then you’ll be safe.”

“Captain”, said Paul raising his hand, “we’ve already made some rules about safety.”

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

“That’s fine Paul”, said Captain Das. ‘I’m glad to know that. I’ll be pleased to hear you tell me more about it.”

“You should watch your right side first before crossing the road. You shouldn’t cross it running through traffic”, said Milan.

“Can’t the girls give me one of the rules, too ?” asked Captain Das
.
“If there’s no footpath, walk always on the right side of the street,” said Minati.

“You’re not supposed to cross the road carelessly,” Lata added.

উপরের passage-এ মোটা অক্ষরগুলি লক্ষ্য করো। প্রকৃতপক্ষে তাদের প্রত্যেকটি word-দুইটি word-এর সংমিশ্রণে গঠন করা হয়েছে। ইংরাজিতে যখন আমরা কথা বলি তখন আমরা মাঝে মাঝে দুইটি word-কে একত্রে গঠন করে নিই। দুইটি word-কে একত্রে গঠন করাকে contraction বলা হয়।

WBBSE Chapter 23 Prefixes And Suffixes

অনেক সময় কোনো word- এর পূর্বে বা পরে কোনো letter বা letters বসিয়ে একটি নূতন word গঠন করা যায়।

নীচের word গুলি লক্ষ্য করো :

use

• abuse
• reuse
• misuse

take

• overtake
• undertake

উপরে use word-টির পূর্বে ab, re, mis- এবং take word-টির পূর্বে over- ও under letter-গুলি বসিয়ে নূতন word গঠিত হয়েছে।

Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 8 English Functional Grammar

Prefixes

এইরূপ যে letter-গুলি কোনো word-এর পূর্বে বসে নূতন word গঠন করে তাদেরকে Prefixes বলে। উপরের ab, re, mis, over, under letter-গুলি Prefixes.

নীচে আরও কিছু Prefix-এর উদাহরণ দেওয়া হল।

নীচের sentence গুলি দেখো :

The temperature is (normal/abnormal) now.

What he did is (legal/illegal).

I (trust mistrust) the boy.

I know that he is (honest/dishonest).

It is (possible/impossible) to reach there in time.

He is (successful/unsuccessful) in life.

লক্ষ্য করো, prefix যোগ করায় উপরের italicised word-গুলির অর্থ বিপরীতার্থক হয়েছে।

Suffixes

অনেক সময় কোনো word-এর শেষে letter বা letters বসিয়ে নূতন word গঠন করা হয়। এই শব্দাংশগুলিকে Suffixes বলে।

নীচে কিছু Suffix-এর উদাহরণ দেওয়া হল :

1. Put the following prefixes appropriately before the words given to make their opposites.

(Prefixes un-, mis-, im-, dis-, non-, ir-, in-)

like, judge, vegetarian, employed, popular, advantage, grateful, agree, clean; qualify, possible, stop, curable, regular, appear, mortal, educated, place, patient, violent, active, responsible:

2. Put the following suffixes appropriately after the words given below to make new words.

(Suffixes -er, -ment, -ness, -ive, -ous, -full, -ly, -able, -en, -ise, -less, -tion) dark, friend; teach, final, employ, hope, fame, short, destruct, use, miser, repute.

Paragraph Writing

অল্প কয়েকটি sentence-এ কোনো বিষয়বস্তু সম্বন্ধে কিছু লেখাকে অনুচ্ছেদ রচনা (paragraph writing) বলে।

যে-কোনো একটি রচনা বা প্রবন্ধ বা গল্প লক্ষ্য করলে তোমরা দেখবে সেটা বিভিন্ন paragraph-এ লেখা হয়েছে এবং এক-একটি paragraph-এ সমগ্র বক্তব্য বিষয়ের এক-একটি অংশ বা point বা topic বিশদভাবে আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। Paragraph রচনায় এটাই বৈশিষ্ট্য।

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Solutions For Class 8 English

A paragraph is a group of sentences all relating to the same topic or subject.

Paragraph লিখবার নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম আছে :

(১) প্রতি paragraph -এর প্রথম word টি margin হতে কিছুটা ডান দিকে সরিয়ে লেখা হয়।

(২) এক-একটি paragraph-এ এক একটি ভিন্ন ভিন্ন point (topic) বা ভাব নিয়ে আলোচনা হয়ে থাকে। (৩) সাধারণত একটি paragraph-এর প্রথম sentence-এ এই আলোচ্য point-এর উল্লেখ থাকে। একে key sentence বলা হয়। পরের sentence গুলির ভিতর দিয়ে এর বিশদভাবে আলোচনা করা হয়।

(৪) Sentence-গুলি এলোমেলো ভাবে লিখলে চলে না। পরপর সুসঙ্গতভাবে লিখতে হয়। তা ছাড়া একটি কথা দুবার বলা যায় না।

(৫) শেষের sentence-টি এমন হবে যেন পড়লেই বুঝা যায় যে আলোচনা এখানেই শেষ হল।

কোনো বিষয়বস্তুর উপর একটি paragraph লিখবার পূর্বে উদ্দেশ্যটি (purpose) ঠিক করে নিতে হয়। নিজেকে প্রশ্ন করে নিতে হয়—আমি সঠিক কী লিখতে চাই ? Class-এ যদি My Family-র উপর লিখতে বলা হয়, ভিন্ন ভিন্ন point নিয়ে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন paragraph লিখতে পারা যায়। যেমন,

1. Family member দের পরিচয় করে দিতে একটি paragraph লিখতে পারা যায়।
2. ্রতিটি family member-এর nature (স্বভাব) সম্বন্ধেও একটি paragraph অথবা এক-একটি paragraph লিখতে পারা যায়।

এইরূপ আরও অনেক অনেক points ভিত্তি করে অনুচ্ছেদ লিখতে পারা যায়। আবার একটি নির্দিষ্ট point-ও বিভিন্নভাবে লিখতে পারা যায়। নীচের উদাহরণ দুইটি লক্ষ্য করো। দুইটি paragraph-এ এই family member-দের পরিচয় দেওয়া হয়েছে, কিন্তু প্রতিটি sentence-ই একটু অন্যভাবে লেখা হয়েছে। Sentence-গুলিও একটু অন্যভাবে সাজানো হয়েছে।

My Family

1. AI am Saroj Ghose. Let me introduce you to the members of my family. My father is Sri Dilip Ghose. He works in a factory. My mother’s name is Smt. Ila Ghose. She does not go out to work. She does all the work in the house for us because we do not have any servant. My elder brother, Swapan, is in class 8 and my little sister is Manju. She is only three years old and does not go to school. I must not forget to tell you that we have a pet dog. We call him Jimmy. He is also an important member of our family.
2. We are five in the family. I am the second child and my name is Saroj Ghose. The other members are my parents, my elder brother Swapan, and my little sister Manju. My brother is in class 8 and my sister is too young to go to school.
3. My father’s name is Sri Dilip Ghose. He is employed in a factory. My mother’s first name is Ila. We have no servants, so she does all the household work. There is our pet dog Jimmy. We love him and so we consider him a member of our family.

নীচে, করগুলি paragraph-এর উদাহরণ দেওয়া হল। প্রতিটি paragraph-এর main point বা key sentence বার করো। প্রথম paragraph-এর main point বা key sentence হল প্রথম sentence । প্রতিটি paragraph একটু অন্য ভাবে লেখার চেষ্টা করো, যেমন My family লেখা হয়েছে।

Your Friend

• I have a friend named Pinku. He is the best boy in our class. Although he is intelligent and the best boy. he is not at all proud. Besides, he is very kind-hearted. If anyone falls ill, Pinku is the first to pay him visit.
• If anybody is sad, he is sad too. In fact, he comes forward to help anybody any time. Pinku is also a very good sportsman. He plays football and cricket in our school team and he has bagged many prizes. His manner and behavior attract everybody. Indeed, there is none who does not like Pinku. Pinku is my best friend and I like him very much.

Your Hobby

Gardening is my hobby. It simply fascinates me. Every season I have to prepare the soil with water and manure. Constant watch is to be kept against worms. A variety of season flowers are always on bloom there.

During winter there are flowers like Marigold, Rose, Daliah, Chrysanthemum, etc. In summer, the garden looks colorful with sunflowers, Zinnia, Karabi, Tagar, Jui, etc. Some of these are sweet-smelling.

While I look at this scenic beauty, I forget myself in sheer delight. There is a kitchen garden behind our house. I grow vegetables there. It not only saves money but also gives me fresh things. No doubt, gardening is laborious but the results of this hard toilare indeed very pleasant. It is for this reason that I like gardening very much.

Your Aim in Life or Profession You Like to Adopt in Future

• Every man must have an aim in life. For that, he has to choose a profession in advance. My aim is to be an agricultural scientist. I have chosen it for various reasons.
• Our country is an agricultural country. Its prosperity depends on good agricultural output. For this, we need modern scientific methods of agriculture. Unfortunately, we still follow the old methods of cultivation.
• There have been developments in agricultural science these days in other parts of the world. I want to apply these methods in our country. The farmers and agriculturists will have to be trained and guided properly on the latest technologies. This will lead to agricultural production. The economic conditions of the country will also improve.

My Favourite Subject in School

• History is my favourite subject. When I read history, I become fully engrossed in it. History is not a mere record of certain dates and events. It is in fact a record of human evolution. It tells us how man has come to this present state of civilization.
• It also tells us how so many empires simply fell because of the folly of the ruling classes. We can learn how unarmed masses brought down powerful rulers through revolutions.
• It also tells us the intricate politics of different nations that brought disaster in the whole world. There are so much to learn from it. One can learn lessons from history and take proper precautions.

A Book You Have Recently Read

• Recently I read the book Ramer Sumati by Sarat Chandra. The story is all about a joint family. The central figure Ram was almost a terror to everyone that worried Narayani, his sister-in-law.
• But Narayani’s motherly love and affection gave him constant protection and saved the joint family from breaking. In fact, Narayani was more than a mother to Ramlal.
• The author’s portrayal of Ramlal appeals to me the most. Though he was a terror to others, he was like a lamb to his sister-in-law, Narayani. He was a love-hungry boy and Narayani could understand his moods well. She loved her with all affection. These tender feelings have been nicely shown in the novel. I really liked the book.

My Favourite Game

Football is my most favourite game. The game is very exciting and there is no dull moment in it. All twenty-two players have a common goal to score and win the game. The game builds up strength and stamina in the players. It also helps to develop team spirit among them. It is not an expensive game. It can be played any season, anywhere. It is the most exciting game of all. For this it is played all over the world.

Winter in Bengal Or, Your Favourite Season

• Winter is the best of all seasons in Bengal and I like this season very much. December, January, and February are the three winter months. The weather at this time is very pleasant.
• Only in the hilly areas of Darjeeling district and in some parts of North Bengal the winter is quite severe. In this season we can work hard but do not get tired. We put on warm clothes and enjoy the bright sunshine.
• The nights are very cold. The night in a warm bed under a quilt is very comfortable. Paddy is harvested in this season. Colorful seasonal flowers grow in gardens. Fish, vegetables, and fruits are also available in plenty in this season. They are very cheap also.
• This is the most suitable time for holding picnics in the open air. We can go out for holding excursions in winter. Various types of fairs and festivals like Saraswati Puja, Christmas, and New Year’s Day are also celebrated in this season. While we enjoy the cool comfort of the winter, the poor people suffer a lot during these months.

Rainy Season

• The rainy season comes after summer. It begins at the end of June and lasts till the end of August. These are the months when it rains for days together. Tanks, ponds and canals get filled up.
• Sometimes the rain is so heavy as to cause floods. The crops and thatched houses are then damaged. In some parts people have to use boats to go from one place to another. The roads become muddy. People cannot go out. Their work suffers much.
• It is the time when jute and paddy are grown. We see green trees, green grass, and green paddy fields. We get the hilsa fish in this season. Many sweet and juicy fruits like pineapple, jamrul, jackfruit, guava are found in plenty in this season. Rathjatra and Janmashtami are two important festivals in rainy season.

My Village

• The name of my village is Gouripur. It is near Bandel junction in Hooghly district. It is a small village with about one thousand villagers living mostly in thatched houses.
• There is no metalled road. Our village is connected with the main road, which is some 3 k.m. away by a kutcha road. The villagers are mostly farmers. Though there is a primary school in the village, there is no high school. The post office is about 4 km. away.
• There are two big ponds from which we collect drinking water. There is a health center where we often go for medical care. During monsoon the condition of the roads are miserable. But in winter, it is green all over. The villagers live here in an atmosphere of friendliness and amity.

Your School

• Our school, Bankura Zilla School, is a famous school in the district of Bankura. It is a Government School set up in the year 1916. It is situated in a calm and quiet area of the town. The surroundings are also beautiful with sal and eucaliptus trees all around.
• The school building is a pucca two-storeyed building. There are spacious lawns on all sides of the building. It has many rooms in which the classes are held. It has also a good laboratory for science classes.
• The student strength of the school is 700 and the number of teachers is 40. The teachers take great care of our studies. Academic record of the school is also very good. This year in the Madhyamik Examination, out of 100 students, 85 students passed in the first division and the rest in the second division. I am very proud of my school.

Your School Magazine

• A school magazine is a magazine written by the students and teachers of a particular school. We have also a school magazine and it is brought out every year on the Saraswati Puja day.
• Our assistant Headmaster is the editor and a student of class 10 is the assistant editor of the school magazine. It contains poems, short stories, articles of educational interest-all written by the students and teachers of the institution.
• The school magazine serves as a training ground for literary composition. A student feels proud and happy when he finds his writing in print. Gradually his literary talents are developed. The school magazine also serves as a link between the past and present students of the school. Old boys contributing articles in the magazine get into touch with the present students.

Flood

• Floods are generally caused by excessive rainfall. The normal rainwater flows down the river to the sea. But when the rain is too heavy, the river overflows the banks and submerges the land on either side causing flood.
• A flood causes great damage to life and property. Crops are destroyed; low-lying houses, particularly mud and thatched ones, tumble down. Domestic pets like cats, dogs, and cattle are swept away.
• Very often people remain stranded in water-logged areas for several days. They suffer much for want of food and drinking water. Besides, the stagnant water becomes the source of diseases like cholera and dysentery.
• All these create great problems to people during a flood. But a flood has its good effects too. It washes away the accumulated filth that produces germs of various diseases. The alluvial deposit it leaves behind fertilizes the soil.

The Newspaper

• The newspaper plays an important role in our life. By reading it we can know what is happening around us at home and abroad. Newspapers keep us informed of politics, trade, sports and games, films, literary and scientific matters, and many other things.
• We are also apprised of public opinions on various issues. It keeps us informed of the current events all over the world. When we feel tired or lonely we often take up a paper for relief and recreation.
• Reading newspaper is a good habit. It is essential for our general knowledge. A person not reading newspapers regularly cannot take part in any discussions on current affairs. But there are some party papers. We should be careful about choosing a newspaper. We should not be misguided by it.

Visit to a Book Fair

• In February first. I with my friend Bithika went to visit the Calcutta Book Fair in the Calcutta Maidan. When we reached there we found long queues in front of every ticket counter.
• After buying tickets we went inside and saw a large number of book stalls opened by publishers and booksellers. They were of different sizes and shapes and were beautifully decorated. Books on different subjects such as arts, science, and fiction were on display in the counters. They looked so attractive with their smart covers.
• However, the most crowd-pulling ones were the stalls selling children’s books. I bought one book on sports and games. The other one was a storybook. Bithika also bought one book on interior decoration. We took some rest taking refreshments in a cafeteria. It was an experience indeed to be at the fair. I enjoyed every moment of it.

A Village Fair

• A village fair is an important event in a village life. It often serves as a meeting place for people living far away from one another. It gives the villagers a good opportunity for both profit and amusement.
• In a fair there are hundreds of shops selling all kinds of things like stationery, clothes, domestic items, and toys. The merry-go-round is the biggest attraction to the children. There is a circus show also.
• Besides, there are arrangements for refreshments. Various kinds of foodstuff and cold drinks are sold there. When people become tired and hungry they flock to these shops. In fact, a village fair is a pleasant diversion in the dull and monotonous lives of the villagers.

Pollution

• The damage of the purity of anything is called pollution. And the pollution of air, water and land around us is called environmental pollution. Environmental pollution affects our health and causes. loss to us in different ways.
• Air pollution is caused by smokes from vehicles, chimneys of mills and factories, cooking ovens, etc. Bad smell of rotten garbages dumped in the streets, bad smell of dead animals, and filthy surface drains pollute the air.
• If we inhale impure air, it will cause great harm to our lungs. Planting the trees prevents air pollution. Water is polluted when dirty, poisonous refuse matter from mills and factories are discharged in rivers.
• If we drink this water, it will damage our health. Shrill sounds of the horns of lorries, buses, microphones cause sound pollution. Sound pollution affects our power of hearing. Therefore, we shall have to be very careful about pollution if we want to live a healthy life.

Sound Pollution

• Sound pollution is a great hazard nowadays. When the pitch of a sound crosses a certain limit and becomes intolerable the sound is said to cause pollution. Indiscriminate use of microphones, shrill electric horns of motor vehicles, sounds emitted by plying vehicles, airplanes, deafening music system – all this create noise pollution.
• Fireworks and slogan shouting also add to this problem. In fact, we are living in an age when the entire environment is surcharged with sound pollution. This causes great harm to us.
• It often leads to deafness, mental imbalance, and even heart failure. To prevent this pollution the government has made laws restricting noise level up to a certain level. People, therefore, must be made aware of the dangers of sound pollution. Any violation of the restrictions should be severely dealt with.

Proper Use of Holidays

• Holidays are very much necessary in our life. We work hard during the working days. The normal daily routine of work puts pressure upon our health and mind. We feel tired both physically and mentally.
• Holidays give us the necessary rest and relief. But we should not waste our time in idleness. We must use the holidays profitably. We can spend the time reading good books and visiting new places.
• This will increase our knowledge and experience. We can also pay visits to our friends and relatives. Going to cinema or theatre would refresh our mind. We can devote some time to social service also. We can also teach those who are illiterates. Thus, holidays should be spent usefully to restore our energy and making us fit for work again with renewed vigour.

The Value of Sports and Games

• The importance of sports and games cannot be overemphasised. They are as necessary for the mind as for the body. They keep us physically fit, mentally alert and help us to build good health. Sports and games are also necessary to keep our minds fresh and cheerful.
• Sports and games require cooperation amongst the players. The players must look for the interest of the whole team and not for individual glory. Thus, sports and games teach us selfless teamwork and help in the formation of character by enforcing discipline.
• We often get tired and bored and hardly get any mental relaxation from the heavy studies. Sports and games give us relief from this boredom. They also help to develop such qualities like firmness of mind, capacity of taking quick decisions, and prompt judgement to face the odd situations. Thus sports and games play a great role in our life.

Discipline

• Discipline means obedience (মান্যতা ) to the established (যাহা চালু আছে এমন, বিধিবদ্ধ) rules of conduct. It is of great importance in every walk of our life. In the family, all the members must obey the head of the family.
• There cannot be any peace or happiness in the family if there is no discipline. In social life every person has to obey the rules and regulations to maintain law and order in the society. If people go on according to their own sweet will, there cannot be any order and the society would suffer. The importance of discipline among soldiers is known to all.
• Every soldier must obey the commander. An indisciplined army can never win a battle. In schools and colleges, classrooms, libraries, students must obey the rules of their institutions. They must be attentive to their studies. In the playground also discipline is a great necessity. We have seen how an apparently strong but indisciplined team loses to weaker but disciplined teams. It is evident that indiscipline has no place in the world.

Discipline in Student Life

• The student life is the most important period in a man’s life. It is the formative stage of his mind. Good training received at this stage will make him a good citizen in future.
• It is therefore very essential that a student must learn discipline in his student life. Discipline is of great importance in every walk of our life. In the family, all members must obey the head of the family. In social life every person has to obey the rules and regulations to maintain law and order in the society.
• If people go on according to their own sweet will, there cannot be any order and society would suffer. In schools and colleges, classrooms, libraries, students must obey the rules of their institutions. They must be attentive to their studies. Leading a disciplined life at this stage will make him a good and responsible person in later life.

Duty of a student

• A student is a person who studies in a school or college for acquiring knowledge. Student life is, therefore, a very important phase in his life. He should make the best use of his student life.
• His primary duty is to study properly for knowing and learning. He should be very careful about his studies and must lead a disciplined life to build character. But, he should never be a bookworm.
• He must be careful about his health and should be polite and obedient to his parents and teachers. He has social responsibilities too. During holidays, he can teach the illiterate people. He can also serve the affected people in times of floods and famines. Student life is the time to prepare oneself properly for future struggles in life.

A Postman

• A postman is a familiar figure to all of us. He is a humble worker. He works in a post office. He collects letters and parcels from the post office and delivers them to us.
• A postman is a tireless worker who often has to walk a long distance in the sun and in the rain. We always eagerly wait for him to bring us letters from our near and dear ones. In fact he helps us to keep contact with our distant friends and relatives. He is a very important worker in our society and is a great friend of ours. He is always welcome in a house.

Visit to a place of Interest

• Last winter we visited Delhi, the capital of India. Delhi is an old city and it is a place of great historical interest. We went round the city and saw famous structures like Qutab Minar, Jantar Mantar, Red Fort and Jama Masjid.
• All these speak volumes for our historical past. Then there is the grand Lotus Temple built recently at Kalkaji. The Rastrapati Bhaban, Parliament House, Nehru Museum are other spots which attract a large number of tourists everyday.
• We went to Agra also one day and visited the world-famous Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, and the Agra Fort. There are so many things to see around Delhi and Agra that a period of seven days was too short to cover everything. But we had a good idea of the great city of Delhi. The cool climate, bright sunshine made our trip really enjoyable. Indeed, it was a very memorable trip.

অনেক সময় বিষয়বস্তুর উপর কিছু information (তথ্য) বা outlines দেওয়া থাকে। ঐ outline-কে সম্প্রসারণ করেও paragraph লেখা যায়। সম্প্রসারণ করার সময় প্রদত্ত information বা outline-কে উপযুক্ত ভাব এবং ভাষা ব্যবহার করে সুন্দর paragraph এ পরিণত করতে হয়। নীচে কিছু উদাহরণ দেওয়া হল।

Importance of Trees Or, Man and Trees

[Outlines: Gifts of nature-give flowers, fruits, timber, fuels materials for paper, rubber, medicinal plants releases oxygen-soil conservation-rains-prevent pollution- ecological balance]

• Trees are useful and beautiful gifts of nature. They give us flowers, fruits, timber, bamboo, fuels, etc. which are so necessary for us. They are also a great source of material for paper, rubber, gums, herbs, and medicinal plants.
• Trees give us cool shade. They absorb carbon-di-oxide from atmosphere and release oxygen which is needed for our life. The roots of trees bind loose soil and prevent soil erosion. The top fertile soil is thus retained. This helps us in agriculture and food production. Trees induce rains and prevent air pollution. They protect us from severe weather.
• An area without trees soon becomes barren and turns out to be a desert in course of time. Trees thus help in maintaining ecological balance. Indeed, they play a great role in civilisation. We should therefore avoid random felling of trees. Trees should be preserved with great care.

Triumph of Science

[Outlines: Roots of progress achievements of science in family comfort-in transport and communication–in food supply–in domestic life-computers health care-artificial satellites- abuse of science.]

• Science is at the root of progress in the modern age. With the help of science man has made great achievements in all spheres of life. Science has made our life easy and comfortable.
• It has taught us to grow more food and make domestic life comfortable and enjoyable. The electric light and fan, the electric oven, the refrigerator-all are products of science.
• Railways, ships, motor cars, aeroplanes take us ‘to distant places safely in a very short time. The telegraph, the telephone, and the radio have made communication very quick.
• The television and the cinema entertain us. Computers are working wonders in every sphere of our life. Science has also given us good medicines to cure dangerous diseases. Scientists have sent artificial satellites into space and have already landed on the Moon and expect to reach the Mars within a short time.
• But science has proved to be a curse also. It has been misused to make deadly weapons like the atom bomb, the hydrogen bomb, and poisoneous chemical gas which can destroy the world in a short time. We should use science only for the good of mankind.

A Rainy Day

[Outlines: Rainy days do not have to attend classes-streets flooded-cars and trams stop plying-buses move with great difficulty-fun in getting soaked-students fail to attend classes- school grants a rainy day-return home-enjoy playing at home.]

• I like rainy days. I like them more when my homework remains incomplete and I am afraid of attending my classes. Excessive rain during the early hours of the day greatly hampers routine works.
• Streets become flooded with water, and playgrounds often look like vast water sheets. Cars and trams stop plying. Occasionally buses move along the water-logged streets.
• The waves they create in the water are pleasant to look at. During such heavy rains, it is fun to get soaked in rains and wade through knee-deep water in the streets. Most of the students cannot attend classes while others attend with wet clothes. They are often granted a holiday. When I return home, mother takes care of me. She offers me hot tea. We often play ludo and relax at home on a rainy day.

Visit to a Circus

[Outlines: Went to see a circus-big crowd, long queues-beautiful show-trapezes, balance games, etc a man jumping with a running jeep-cyclists, jugglers-elephants, horses and other animals-funny clowns–enjoyed it much.]

• For a long time I wanted to see a circus and last winter I watched a circus show for the first time in my life. The famous Jemini Circus had come to our town and pitched its camp near the railway maidan.
• As I came near the circus tent, I found a big crowd and long queues in front of the ticket counters. The show was really beautiful. I enjoyed the trapezes, balances, and other feats performed by the artists. I was thrilled to see a man jumping a long distance with his jeep.
• The artists performed miracles with bicycles. The jugglers kept us in suspense. There were also elephants and other animals. They obeyed their masters and showed some tricks.
• I was charmed to see a horse dancing to the rythm of bands. Above all, there were the clowns. They were so funny! The show was very interesting and entertaining. I didn’t know how time passed so swiftly during the circus show.

A Great Man Or Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose

Outlines:

Name: Subhas Ch. Bose

Date of birth: 23rd January 1897

Place of birth: Cuttack, Orissa

Education: Brilliant student

Service: Passed 1. C. S. Examination did not join Govt. Service. Became Mayor of Calcutta Corporation, Congress President, fought for independence, and suffered imprisonment. Left India in disguise, formed I. N. A. fought battles.

Death: In an air accident?

• Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23rd January 1897 in Cuttack. He came of a very rich family and was a brilliant student. Though he stood fourth in the Indian Civil Service (1. C.S.) examination, he refused to accept service under the British Government.
• Soon he joined politics and became the ‘Mayor’ of Calcutta Corporation. He also became the youngest Congress President, India was then ruled by the British Government. Subhas Chandra wanted India to be an independent country and made several plans for that purpose.
• So he was imprisoned by the British Government. But he left India in disguise and formed the I. N. A. (Indian National Army) to liberate India from the clutches of the British rulers. He fought great battles to achieve his mission.
• It is said that he died in an air accident. Whatever may be the fact, Subhas Chandra will remain in the heart of the Indian people for his courage, determination, and patriotism.

Swami Vivekananda

Outlines:

Name: Narendranath Dutta

Nickname: Bile

Place and date of birth: Calcutta, 12th January 1863

Parentage: Father – Biswanath Dutta; Mother – Bhubaneswari Devi

Education: B. A. from General Assembly

Turning point in life: Contact with Ramakrishna called Swami Vivekananda.

Speeches at the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.

Establishment of Ramakrishna Mission and Belur Math.

Death: 1902

• Swami Vivekananda was born on 12th January 1863. His original name was Narendranath Dutta and his nickname was ‘Bile’. His father’s name was Biswanath Dutta. Bhubaneswari Devi was his mother.
• He graduated from the General Assembly. The turning point in his life came when he met Sri Sri Ramakrishna. He took to religion and became his disciple. He was then named Swami Vivekananda.
• He toured the whole of India preaching education through religion. He attended the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893. He established Ramakrishna Mission and Belur Math. He passed away in 1902.

Question 1. Write a passage on the great poet, novelist, and philosopher Rabindranath with the following points.

Name: Rabindra Tagore

Date of birth: 9th May 1861

Place of birth: Jorasanko, Calcutta

Name of parents: Father-Maharshi Devendranath Tagore; Mother-Sarada Devi

Won Nobel prize for literature: 1913 for Gitanjali

Founder of: Visva Bharati in 1902

Protested against: Jalianwalabagh massacre, rejected Knighthood.

Died: 1941

Answer:

• Rabindranath Tagore was a great poet, novelist, and philosopher. He was born on 9th May 1861 at Jorasanko, Calcutta. His father was Devendranath Tagore and his mother was Sarada Devi.
• In his early career he started writing poems. He was a great literary figure. In 1913 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his collection of poems Gitanjali’. He was the first Indian to win such an award.
• He also founded Visva Bharati in 1902. He was a great patriot too. He protested against the killing of innocent Indians at Jalianwalabag and rejected his Knighthood. This great son of India died on 1941.

Question 2. Write a short life history of Sri P. C. Roy on the basis of the following information.

Name: Sri Prafulla Chandra Roy

Date of birth: 2-8-1861

Native village: Raruli, Katipara in Khulna

Primary Education: Native village

Entrance Examination: 1878

Got Gilchrist Scholarship: 1882, B.Sc. and D.Sc. from Edinburgh University 1889

Professor at Presidency College: 1889

Established Bengal Chemical Ltd: 1900

Palit Professor at Calcutta University: 1916

Retired: 1936

Death: 16-6-1944

Answer:

• Sri. P. C. Roy, the great scientist, was born on 2nd August 1861, in a small village Raruli at Katipara in Khulna, now in Bangladesh. He had his primary education at his native village and passed the Entrance Examination in 1878.
• He was a brilliant student throughout his career. After passing the B.Sc. examination in 1882 he got the Gilchrist Scholarship and received D.Sc. from Edinburgh University.
• Returning home he joined Presidency College in 1889 as a professor. In 1900 he founded the Bengal Chemical Ltd. Later in 1916, he became the Palit Professor at Calcutta University, a rare honor indeed. He retired in the year 1936 and died on 16th June 1944.

Our National Flag

[Points Colour green, white, saffron-occasion to hoist-history-your respectful homage.]

• Our national flag is very sacred to us. It has three colored stripes of equal width and they are all horizontal. The colours are saffron, white and green. The saffron is at the top, white in the middle and green at the bottom.
• There is a wheel in the middle. Each colour has its significance. The saffron colour stands for sacrifice, the white color indicates truth and purity, and green stands for freshness and energy. The wheel in the middle represents the Dharma Chakra of King Ashoka.
• This denotes activity and progress. The national flag is an emblem of national dignity. Therefore it has to be treated with honour and respect. It is hoisted daily on all important government buildings.
• Only on the days of national festivals like Independence Day, Republic Day, etc. it can be hoisted on private buildings also. Our national flag has a long history. Many freedom fighters sacrificed their lives for it. It is the duty of every Indian to uphold the honour of our national flag and pay homage to it.

Usefulness of Television

[Outlines: A wonder of science- interesting programs like songs, plays, dramas, etc. by singers, players, actors, recreations-direct knowledge of things and places-a powerful medium of mass education.].

• One of the latest inventions of science is Television. It is based on photography and its instant transmission through air on the screen after a complicated electronic process, It puts before our eyes the pictures of objects and men, thousands of miles away together with their sounds and voices. It has a big entertainment and educational value.
• Sitting in the cozy corners of our drawing rooms, we can enjoy the songs, plays, and dramas performed by eminent artists. We can watch live on the TV screen the important political, sports, and other events taking place in the remote parts of the world. This enables us to have a direct knowledge of the things and places that we watch in television.
• Television is also a powerful medium of mass education. Educational programs on health care and family planning, general knowledge, instructions, and guidance on various social matters can be sent to millions of viewers through audio-visual presentations in the TV. It is also a means by which a teacher can teach a very large number of students from a distance. Television is thus of great use to us.

Question 3. Write a paragraph with the following points.

Name: Sir J. C. Bose

Year of birth: 1858

Place of birth: Mymensingh, now in Bangladesh

Education: Village pathsala, St. Xavier’s School, B.A. in St. Xavier’s College, B.Sc. from Cambridge University

Service career: Professor, Presidency College, carried on research on

Electromagnet and Plantlife (1884-1915)

Post-retirement work: Founded Bose Institute (1917)

Achievement: A great scientist

Death: 1937

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose

Answer:

• Sir J. C. Bose, the famous scientist, was born in the year 1858 at Mymensingh, now in Bangladesh. He had his early education at the village “Of Pathshala”. Later he shifted to St. Xavier’s
• School where he completed his school education. He passed the B. A. Examination from St. Xavier’s College and B.Sc. from Cambridge University. He served as a professor at Presidency College.
• He carried on research on Electro-magnet and plant life during the period 1884-1915. After retirement from service, he founded Bose Institute in 1917. He achieved name and honor as a great scientist. He – died in 1937.

Question 4. Write a short life sketch of Raja Rammohan Roy on the basis of the following information:

Name: Raja Rammohan Roy

Date of birth: 10th May 1774

Father: Ramakanta Roy

Mother: Tarini Davi

Education: Learnt Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Scholar in English, Latin, Greek, French, Tibetan

Countries visited: Tibet, England

Achievement: Founded Brahmo Samaj, Hindu College.

Abolished ‘Sati Custom’.

Works: Wrote books on various subjects.

Death: 27th September 1833. Buried in Bristol.

Raja Rammohan Roy

• As Raja Rammohan Roy was born on May 10, 1774. His parents were Ramakanta Roy and Tarini Devi. He showed great promise as a meritorious student from his very childhood.
• He had a great interest in studies and learnt languages like Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, French, and Tibetian. Besides his mother tongue Bengali he was a great scholar in English also.
• Rammohan was a great social reformer. He founded Brahmo Samaj to counter the Hindu orthodoxy such as Sati Custom. He tried his best to remove many social evils too. He established the Hindu College and wrote many books on various subjects. He travelled to many countries including England and Tibet. The great reformer died in Bristol on September 27, 1833, and was buried there.

Question 5. Write a paragraph on Mother Teresa with the following points:

[Points: Year and place of birth-1910, Yugoslavia, Carlier name–Agnes, arrived in India 1928—first activities-a teacher in a convent school-later activities-established Nirmal Hriday- Nobel Prize in 1979, Death-1997, 5th Sep.]

Mother Teresa

Answer: Mother Teresa was born in 1910 at Albania in Yugoslavia. Her earlier name was Agnes Gonxhas Bojaxhin. At the age of 18, she came to Calcutta and joined as a teacher in a convent school. She was very much moved at the sufferings of the poor people around her. So she dedicated the rest of her life as a missionary fighting poverty, hunger and disease. She set up her organisation Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta and founded for the destitutes a home named Nirmal Hriday. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1979. This great soul died in Calcutta on 5th September 1997.

Question 6. Study the following information and write a paragraph about Satyajit Roy, the great Indian writer and filmmaker.

Date of birth: 2nd May 1921

Birthplace: Kolkata

Education: Ballyganj Govt. High School, Presidency College, Art training from Santiniketan (Nandalal Bose and others)

Career: Professional artist at Signet Press.

First film: Pather Panchali, then Apu Trilogy, Jalsaghar, Goopy Gayne Bagha Bayen, and so many others.

Other contribution: To Bengali literature – famous adventure stories for children. Bharat Ratna from India, Legion of Honour from France, and Oscar from the U.S.A.

Honours: Satyajit Ray

Answer:

• Satyajit Ray, the great Indian filmmaker and writer was born in Kolkata on 2nd May 1921. He had his education at Ballygunge Government School and later at Presidency College. Subsequently, he received training in arts from Santiniketan under the guidance of Nandalal Bose and others.
• He started his carrer as a professional artist at Signet Press. Later on he took to filmmaking. His first film Pather Panchali made him world famous overnight.
• His other films such as Apu Trilogy, Jalsaghar, Goopy Gayen Bagha Bayen, and many others earned him a great name as a brilliant filmmaker. He also wrote many books on adventure stories for children which made him immensely popular.
• For his outstanding achievements in filmmaking, he was honored with awards like Bharat Ratna, Legion of Honour from France, and Oscar from the U.S.A.

Question 7. Study the following information about Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and write a paragraph on him.

Date of birth: 1820, 26th Sept.

Place of birth: Village Birsingha, Midnapore.

Parentage: Father Thakurdas Bandopadhyaya.

Mother-Bhagabati Devi.

Education: Primary Education in the village-Post Primary Education in Sanskrit College, Kolkata-very brilliant student-never stood second-got title Vidyasagar.

Service life: At the first professor and then Principal of Sanskrit College-at last Inspector of Schools.

Social Service: Introduction of widow remarriage-spread of female education.

Character: Very kind to poor man a man of strong character

Answer:

• Pandit Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, the great social reformer, was born on 26th September, 1820 at village Birsingha in the district of Midnapore. His father was Thakurdas Bandopadhyaya and mother was Bhagabati Devi.
• In his early days, he had his primary education in the village. His post primary education was in Sanskrit College, Kolkata. He was a brilliant student and never stood second in his life. He soon gathered vast knowledge and became famous for his learning. He was awarded the title Vidyasagar by his countrymen after completion of his studies.
• He started his service life as a professor of Sanskrit College, Kolkata and later became its Principal. He was the Inspector of Schools towards the end of his service career. He was a great social reformer and introduced widow remarriage in our country. He had a great love for learning and worked hard for spread of female education. Vidyasagar was a man of strong character and was also noted for his sympathy and kindness to the poor. He did a lot for them.

Question 8. Write in about 150 words a paragraph on Kshudiram Basu, the great patriot on the following points.

[Outlines: Birth in Midnapore in 1889-a spirited boy associated with a revolutionary party from school-close to Profulla Chaki in Mujaffarpur-a mission to kill Kingsford, a tyrant magistrate Kingsford unhurt Kshudiram arrested and sentenced to death-facing death with ‘Vande Mataram’ in his lips.]

Answer:

• Kshudiram Basu, the great patriot and freedom fighter, was born in 1889 in Midnapore. He was a highly spirited boy and became associated with a revolutionary party from his childhood.
• Kingsford, an Englishman, who was notorious for his tyranny, was the magistrate of Muzaffarpur at that time. To put an end to his tyranny, Kshudiram and Profulla Chaki left for Muzaffarpur on a mission to kill him.
• Unfortunately, the plan misfired and Kingsford escaped unhurt. Kshudiram tried to escape but was soon arrested, tried, and sentenced to death. But Kshudiram was a true patriot and a fearless fighter. Undaunted, he faced the situation calmly. He went to the gallows in high spirits and embraced death singing ‘Vande Mataram’.

Question 9. Use the following information and write a paragraph on Amartya Sen, the famous Economist.

Date of birth: 3 November 1933

Parents: Dr. Asutosh Sen and Smt. Amita Sen.

Education at: Santiniketan, Presidency College, Calcutta University, Cambridge University.

Teaching career: Professor of Economics, Jadavpur University (1956-58), Delhi University (1963-71), London School of Economics (1971-77), Oxford University (1977-80), Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University for 11 years.

Awards and Honours: Honorary D. Litt. from Viswa Bharati, Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, Agnelli Internet Prize, etc. Nobel Prize for Economics in 1998.

Present occupation: Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, since 1997.

Books written: “Poverty and Famines”, “The Political Economy of Hunger” etc. Amartya Sen

Answer:

• Amartya Sen was born on 3rd November 1933. His parents were Dr. Ashutosh Sen and Sreemati Amita Sen. He had his earlier education at Santiniketan. Later he studied at Presidency College, Calcutta University, and at Cambridge University. He started his teaching career as Professor of Economics at Jadavpur University.
• He taught there from 1956 to 1958. Then from 1963 to 1971 he worked at Delhi University. After that he went to London School of Economics and taught there from 1971 to 1977 and then from 1977 to 1980 he taught at Oxford University.
• He also worked as a Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University for 11 years. He was awarded many awards and honours like Honorary D. Litt from Viswa Bharati, Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, Agnelli Internet Prize, etc.
• In 1998 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics. At present, he is engaged as the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. He has written many books. Some of them are “Poverty and Famines,” “The Political Economy of Hunger”, etc.

Question 10. Study the following information and write a paragraph about Dr. Sarvapally Radhakrishnan, the great teacher and philosopher.

[Points: Date of birth 5th Sept. 1888 Birthplace: Tamilnadu-Education: Presidency College, Madras-Service: Professor of Philosophy at Presidency College, Madras, Calcutta, and Oxford Universities-Ambassador to the U.S.S.R. in 1949-Vice President of India, 1952- President of India 1962-67-Honour: Awarded Bharat Ratna in 1954. His birthday observed as Teachers’ Day.]

Answer:

• Dr. Sarvapally Radhakrishnan, the great philosopher, was born in Tamilnadu on 5th September 1888. He had his eduction at Presidency College, Madras. Later he became a Professor of Philosophy at Presidency College, Madras, and Calcutta.
• He also went to Oxford University and taught there for a long time. In 1949 he went to the USSR as Indian Ambassador. In 1952 he returned to India and became the Vice President of India, a post he occupied till 1962. From 1962 to 1967 he was the President of India. He was a great philosopher, teacher, and his birthday is observed as Teachers’ Day in India.

Question 11. Study the following information and write out a paragraph about Bibhutibhusan Bandyopadhyay:

Date of birth: 12th September 1894.

Place of birth: Muratipur near Kanchrapara.

Education: Passed Matriculation in the First Division from Banagram High School; Passed B. A. in 1916 with distinction from Ripon College, Calcutta.

Contributions: First novel “Pather Panchali” made him famous-wrote many books “Dristipradip”, “Aranyak”, “Debian”, short stories, essays, etc. Rabindra Award for “Ichhamati”, a writer of nature-writes for children such as “Chander Pahar”-many novels in celluloid.

Death: 18th November, 1950 at Ghatshilla residence.

Answer:

• Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay, the great Bengali writer, was born on 12th September, 1894 at Muratipur near Kanchrapara. He was a meritorious student and passed Matriculation Examination in the first division from Banagram High School.
• Later, he did his B.A. with distinction in 1916 from Ripon College, Calcutta. Bibhutibhusan had a literary bent of mind and started writing from his student days. His first novel was “Pather Panchali” and that made him famous overnight.
• The story of Apu and Durga is an all-time great classic in Bengali literature. Filming of this classic made Satyajit Roy a legendary film director. He wrote many other books like Dristipradip, Aranyak, Debjan besides many short stories and essays.
• He was awarded Rabindra Award for “Ichhamati”. His writings mostly depicted the serene beauty of nature. He wrote for children as well, Chander Pahar being one of them. Many of his novels were made into films. This great writer died on 18th November 1950 at his residence at Ghatsilä.

A Memorable Day

• A thing which is sweet lasts long in our memory. I distinctly remember the day. The H.S. Examination was over. One day, after spending the afternoon with my friends, as I returned home my sister came running, holding a big envelope in her hand.
• She shouted that there was good news for me and demanded a heavy bakshis before she would hand over the letter to me. After much cajoling I could get the letter. Lo and behold! It was the admission letter from the I.I.T., Kharagpur.
• My joy knew no bounds. I did quite well in the Joint Entrance Examination. But to get selected finally in the highly competitive all India test was something none could be sure of.
• In fact, I was a little tensed these days to know the result. My parents blessed me for my success. I was lost in golden dreams. At last I was going to join an institution of international fame! It was the happiest and most memorable day in my life. The Book You Would Like to read Again
• The book I would like to read again is ‘Abol Tabol’ written by Sukumar Roy. I first read the book when I was a student of class V. It is a wonderful book containing nonsense rhymes. The book is specially meant for children.
• Though the rhymes appear to talk of serious matters, they actually make no sense. The words are full of simple jokes. I have read the book several times. But still I feel like reading it again and again just for pleasure. It is one of the finest classics in Bengali literature for children. Every child should make it a point to read it.

The Advantages of Morning Walk

• Morning walk is a good habit. It is good for people of all ages-the young or the old. Walking in the fresh air in a calm atmosphere in the morning, we can enjoy the beauty of nature and come close to her when she is at her charming best.
• Morning walk is a very good exercise that gives an excellent start for the whole day. It helps to reduce fat, lethargy, and idleness and keeps the body fit. It needs no equipment or trainer, and is the cheapest form of exercise. It can be taken anywhere in open fields or open roads. So one must grow the habit of taking morning walk.

India – Our Motherland

[Points: India, a great land-golden past-the Vedas-two epics-rich heritage-home of four religions Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism-people love peace-live unitedly- fight against terrorism enough food-a developing nation-work for world peace.]

• India is our Motherland. It is a great and beautiful country. It is famous for its old civilisation and culture. It was from here that the light of civilization first spread to the countries in South-East Asia.
• Her Vedas, Ramayana, and Mahabharata are amongst the greatest books of the world. Some of the religions of the present day- Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism had their origin here. People here belong to different religions, castes, and creeds.
• They have different languages, food habits, dresses, etc. But still, they stand united as Indians. India is a developing nation and has made great progress in agriculture, industry, education, science, and technology. It is self-sufficient in food and most other consumer goods. India fights against terrorism and is working for world peace.

A Journey By A Bus

• Last week we made a trip to Digha. We took the bus at the Esplanade depot. at 7.30 in the morning. Soon it crossed Vidyasagar Setu and Kona Expressway met National Highway 6. From Vidyasagar Setu we had a wonderful view of the Ganges and the city of Kolkata.
• We reached Kolaghat at about 10 a.m. and had some snacks and tea in a roadside stall. We could also see the giant Kolaghat Thermal Power Station on the way.
• Turning left we moved along National Highway 41 and reached Nanda Kumar where we took a right turn. Driving through Digha Road towards Contai, we reached Digha at about 1 p.m. The journey along the wide highways was very smooth and pleasant. We enjoyed the trip very much.

Healthy Living

[Points: Balanced diet-drink pure water-regular physical exercise-cleanliness]

• Health is a great treasure, and it is the source of all happiness. So we must be very careful about healthy living. The first thing necessary for that is a balanced diet.
• It should be a mixture of right proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Fresh vegetables and fruit should also be taken. Excessive intake of any one of these is bad for health.
• We must also take physical exercise regularly. It makes the body strong and active and keeps the mind cheerful. Stresses should also be laid on the cleanliness of the surrounding and the purity of the drinking water. Any contamination of food would be harmful. Healthy living ensures great pleasure in life.

Air Pollution

[Points: Great problem-causes-mills, vehicles, burning coal, etc.- – steps to be taken]

• Environmental pollution is a great problem of modern-day life. The most damaging effect is caused by air pollution. The main sources of air pollution are exhausts from engines, furnaces, and industrial wastes.
• Smoke from burning wood, coal, and cooking ovens also create severe air pollution. These smokes are full of carbon monoxide and lead particles which are highly injurious to health. Garbage, dead and rotten animals dumped in streets produce gas which pollutes the air.
• If we inhale polluted air, it will cause great harm to our lungs. So we shall have to be very careful about air pollution. We should try to keep the atmosphere clean and plant trees which absorb carbon dioxide from atmosphere and release oxygen.

How to Prevent Water Pollution

• Water pollution is contamination of streams, lakes, and underground water by substances that are harmful to living bodies. Water is polluted when poisonous waste matters from factories and mills are discharged into rivers.
• Pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture also pollute water. The chemical effluents of these compounds in the soil are finally washed out into the surface water and pollute it.
• Besides, heavy metals like copper, lead, mercury, etc. get into water from various sources including automobile exhausts, mines, etc. Drinking of polluted water can result in long-term health problems. To prevent water pollution, industrial wastes should be treated properly and municipal sewage cleaned regularly. The use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture and house gardening should also be controlled.

My Likes and Dislikes

• Everybody has his like and dislikes, and so do I. Of all the things in the world, I like reading books and travelling the most. Biographies and detective stories are my favorites. I also like mixing with my friends. Very often we visit places of historical and religious interest and spend good times there.
• Besides, I like games and take part in football, cricket and table tennis. I am also very fond of gardening and grow flowers and vegetables at our backyard. Music has a special place in my heart. I do not like seeing movies and gossiping. Watching too much of TV and neglecting studies irritate me. I also dislike dishonesty, laziness, and unpunctuality which I consider as great vices.

Autumn in West Bengal

[Points: Autumn succeeds the ‘Rainy Season’ preceeds the winter divided into two- Carly autumn and late autumn-after heavy r. fall-weather moderate-not hot nor cold-natural scenery-harvesting time-many festivals- enjoyment-season of pleasure and mirth.]

• Autumn in West Bengal comprises the months of September and October. It begins with the end of the rainy season and continues till the beginning of winter.
• It has two phases early autumn and late autumn. After the heavy rainfall in monsoon, the weather this time is moderate-it is neither hot nor cold. The natural scenery is also quite beautiful.
• The sky is clear and we often enjoy the beauty of moonlight in all its sweetness. Paddy is harvested in this season. It is also the time when comes the Durga Puja, the greatest Hindu religious festival. Schools and colleges remain closed for some time, enabling people to enjoy themselves as they like.

Computer

[Points Introduction-do difficult calculations-store data speed and accuracy- – used in schools, colleges, libraries, hospitals, banks, train and plane bookings-speedy transactions – telecommunication-research work – conclusion.]

• The latest gift of science is a computer. It works like a super-electronic brain that processes data into information. Its main feature is speed and accuracy. Computers have found a place even in our homes, at workplaces and schools, and colleges.
• They are being used in libraries, hospitals, banks, and reservation counters. It has a special use in a telecommunication system and helps to set worldwide instant network at the click of a button. Scientific research work, and spaceflights are greatly benefited by the advancement of Computer Science. Because of its wide use in every aspect of life, learning of computers has been included in school curriculum. Computers are a real boon to mankind.

Punctuality

[Points: Meaning of punctuality-value of punctuality in everyday life-key to success in life-punctuality is the world of nature – conclusion]

• Punctuality means keeping to the appointed or fixed hour. Time is invaluable. Nothing can stop the flow of time or call back a time that is past. A punctual man, however busy or engaged, finds time for more work.
• An unpunctual man, on the other hand, far from doing much, cannot finish his normal duties even. If we are punctual we shall not miss any class lecture, we shall not miss the train.
• Others will not be kept waiting in an urgent meeting. But an unpunctual man incurs the displeasure of everybody and fails in life. Punctuality is one of the secrets of success in one’s life. A punctual man creates a good impression on others and is respected by all whereas an unpunctual man produces bad impression on the minds of others as he wastes their time by failing an appointment.
• Even everything in nature is punctual as a rule. Had the sun been not punctual to rise in the east and set on the west, the moon would have not appeared. This unpunctuality in the planet would have made everything topsy-turvy in the planet, leading to the disappearance of life in it. So we must be punctual in every step in our life.

Your Daily Life

• I usually get up from bed every day at 6 a.m. Then I wash my face and have breakfast. Next, I sit down to prepare my lessons. At 9-30 a.m. I have my bath and take meals. I start for school after that and return from school at about 5 p.m.
• In the afternoon I always go out to play with my friends. Returning home, I wash myself thoroughly and eat something before I start my lessons again. At 9-30 p.m. I have dinner and go to bed at about 10-30 p.m. after watching TV program for a while.
• But on Sundays and holidays, after doing my homework I spend time reading books and watching TV. After lunch, I relax on my bed for some time and then go out to meet my friends. Returning home I start my homework and go to bed after having dinner.

Value of Time

• Time is invaluable. It flows on ceaselessly and time once gone is gone forever. Lost time cannot be recovered by any means. Many do not realize this. They waste their time, thinking that they would make up the loss in future.
• But the hope may be never realized. Every moment of our time has its particular duty. Putting off our work, therefore, means over-burdening us. That makes our tasks heavier and more difficult in future.
• That is why students who neglect their studies from day to day often fail in spite of hard labour before the examination. All successful men everywhere are those who made proper use of every moment of their time. We should, therefore, all make the best use of time.
• My HomeHome is the sweetest place on earth. I am very proud of my home. At home I have my parents, one brother and two sisters. My father is the head of the family and is a doctor. He looks after the welfare of the entire family.
• My mother manages the household works. She takes care of our food, clothes, health, etc. and also looks after our comfort. The two sisters are very dear to me. They go to a local school.
• Apu, my younger brother, is a class III student. My father looks after our study whenever he has time. I always give my parents a helping hand whenever needed. We are not rich, but there is peace in our family. That’s why my home is so sweet to me.

Do’s and Don’tsTo Guard Against Cholera

Guard Against Cholera Do’s

1. Take cholera inoculation immediately.
2. Keep your home and the surroundings clean and free from flies and mosquitoes.
3. Drink only boiled water.
4. Keep all food and drinking water properly
5. Contact the local doctor if there is any house.

Guard Against Cholera Don’ts

1. Do not take cut fruits or any food item from the street hawkers.
2. Do not take any food which is kept in the open.
3. Do not use dirty water from ponds.
4. Do not allow garbage accumulation near the covered.

Annual Prize-giving Ceremony of Your School

[Outlines: Date and time-President-arrangements-opening song-annual report cultural programmes-President gave away the prizes-President’s speech-vote of thanks.]

• The 25th Prize-giving ceremony of our school was held on Sunday, the 10th April 2004, under the Presidentship of Sir A. K. Roy. M.A., Ph.D., Principal of the local College. On this occasion a big pandal was erected in the school compound.
• It was tastefully decorated with flags and festoons. A large number of people including the students’ guardians attended the ceremony. The function started with the opening song, sung by the students of class 10.
• The Headmaster then read his report, which showed all-round improvement in the affairs of the school. Then followed an interesting programme of recitations and songs by the boys of the school, which was enjoyed by everybody.
• The President then gave away the prizes. Next came his speech. He advised the boys to maintain discipline and to be sincere and hard-working in their studies. The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the chair, proposed by the Assistant Headmaster.

Question 12. Write a report on the condition of Kolkata after a heavy rain.

[Outlines:- Time and date-water logging-disruption of electric supply-no tram-train service disrupted-misery of people]

• Last Friday in the morning Kolkata was lashed by a heavy rain. The rain started at about 9 a.m. and continued for about three hours. The result was so devastating that it paralyzed the city life for the whole day.
• Water accumulated all over the city, specially in low-lying areas like Tiljala, Kasba, Beleghata, Dum Dum, etc. In some areas, the electric supply was disrupted as some poles overturned.
• Trams also stopped plying from about 10 a.m. and the commuters had a hard time reaching their destinations. Train services were also disrupted as overhead wires snapped and water flooded the tracks. The misery of the people simply beggared description.
• In the low lying areas, water entered, many huts. The residents were compelled to abandon their houses and move to safety. Many mud houses also collapsed. Many organisations have already taken up relief works to mitigate the hardship of the affected people.

অনেক সময় কোনো বিষয়বস্তুর সারাংশ চার্ট (chart) বা টেবিল (table) আকারে দেওয়া হয় এবং তা থেকে বিষয়বস্তুর উপর paragraph লিখতে বলা হয়।

এই প্রকার paragraph লিখতে অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই passive voice এর ব্যবহার করা হয়। নীচের উদাহরণগুলি লক্ষ্য করো :

Question 13. Study the chart below for preparation of tea. Then write the process of tea making in a paragraph.

1. Preparation of Tea

Answer:

• To prepare tea, some cold water is first taken in a kettle. It is then boiled on an oven till the vapour comes out. Tea leaves are next put in a tea pot and the boiled water is poured into it.
• It is then left for two minutes for the leaves to soak. Sugar and milk are now added to it and the whole mixture is stirred with a tea spoon. The tea is now ready. It is poured into cups through a strainer and served hot.

2. Preparation of Orange Juice

[Points: Plucking of oranges-sorting-cleaning-crushing to extract the juice mixing water and syrup pouring into sterilised bottle-sealing and labelling despatching to shops for sale. ]

• First oranges are plucked from the garden and fresh ones are sorted out. The oranges are then cleaned thoroughly with water. They are next crushed in mixer to extract juice from them. Water and syrup in proper quantities and a little preservative are now added to the juice.
• The juice is then mixed thoroughly. The orange juice is poured into sterilised bottles. These are then sealed and labeled. The bottles are sent to shops for sale.

Question 14. Write a paragraph on the processing of guava jelly with the help of the following flow-chart:

[Outlines: Collecting ripe guavas-sorting and cleaning-cutting into small pieces-boiled, crushed-seeds separated-adding sugar, syrup and preservative-boiled again to make it thick- cooling and bottling in sterilised bottles-sealed and labeled-ready for sale. ]

Answer:

• First, ripe guavas are collected from the garden. These are then sorted out and the rotten ones are removed. The guavas are now cleaned with water and cut into small pieces. These are then boiled in water and crushed to form a pulp.
• The pulp is next passed through a sieve to remove the seeds. Sugar, syrup, and some preservative are then added to the pulp, and the mixture is boiled again till it becomes thick. It is next allowed to cool and we get guava jelly. This is now filled in sterilized bottles which are sealed and labeled. They are now ready for sale.

Bringing out a School Magazine

[Outlines: Manuscripts are collected from students and teachers → screened with additions, alterations, and omissions→ manuscripts sent to the press-proof correction → sent for final printing → printed in book form and distributed. ]

• First manuscripts are collected from students and teachers on different subjects. These are then thoroughly screened. Additions, alterations, and omissions are made in the manuscripts where necessary.
• These manuscripts are now ready for printing. They are then sent to press. The press sends proofs that are to be checked and corrected thoroughly. When the final proofs are ready, the whole lot is sent for printing. The whole printed matter is then sent to the binder for binding in book form. The magazine is now ready for distribution.

Question 15. Read the above chart for paper making process. Then write a passage on paper making.

Answer:

• We use lots of paper in our daily life. It is manufactured in a big way to meet our demand. Paper is generally made from four basic raw materials. These are wood, bamboo, rags, and grass.
• First, they are chopped into pieces, soaked in water, and made into pulp with the help of a machine. This is now mixed with adequate quantity of lime for whitening. This pulp is then boiled thoroughly and allowed to pass through wire meshes. We get wet paper at this stage. This wet paper is then passed over heated rollers for drying and pressed into thin sheets. The paper is wound in rolls and sent to market.

Question 16. Study the following chart carefully and then write a paragraph in about 120 words on the processing of solid rubber from rubber plants.

Start like this: Rubber is a very useful material.

Rubber Processing
Answer:

• Rubber is a very useful material. It is produced from the milk-white liquid called latex obtained from rubber plants. Latex is first collected from rubber plantations.
• The collection is then sent to factories in containers. The thick latex is now mixed with chemicals. It is turned into rubber slabs. The slabs are cut into pieces and pressed with rollers.
• Thus sheets of rubber are obtained. The rubber sheets are next sent to smokehouse for treatment. This treatment enables the rubber to be preserved for a long period of time. The treated rubber turns into dry sheets of rubber. It is then packed and sent to market for sale.

Production of Steel

[Points Iron ore mixed with lime and coke taken to blast-furnace-melted under high-temperature pig iron-melting for purification-add carbon-steel. ]

• Steel is produced from iron ores. First, the ore is collected from mines. It is then mixed with limestone and coke and taken to the blast furnace where it is heated to a very high temperature. It melts and pig iron is thus produced. It is then purified by adding carbon to it and melting it further. Steel is obtained as the final product.

Preparation of Phenol

[Points: Mixing crushed resin with boiled castor oil-cooling-mixing caustic soda solution- stirring solution frequently-pouring creosote oil leaving it for ten minutes-adding carbolic acid and potassium permanganate-pouring water-constant stirring-pouring into another pot after 24 hours.]

• Crushed resin mixed with castor oil is first boiled in a pot. After mixing it thoroughly it is allowed to cool. Caustic soda solution is then added to it and the whole solution is stirred frequently.
• Some creosote oil is next poured into it and it is left as such for ten minutes. Later, carbolic acid, potassium permanganate, and some water are poured into it and the whole mixture stirred constantly for thorough mixing. It is next kept for 24 hours and we get Phenol. It is then filled in bottles for sale.

Making of Batik Work

[Points: Cut cloth to desired size draw design on it with pencil-melt wax-dip cloth in fast color-allow it to dry-paint melted wax on parts which should keep fast colour-allow it to dry-remove wax by bending cloth/ using hot iron-batik printed cloth is now ready to use. ]

• To make a batik work, first, a piece of cloth is taken. It is next cut to the desired size. The design is then drawn on it with a pencil. Some wax is now melted in a pot.
• The cloth is next dipped in fast color and allowed to dry. The melted wax is then painted on parts of the cloth which should keep the fast colour and it is allowed to dry. The wax is then removed by bending the cloth or using a hot iron. We now get batik printed cloth ready for use.

Question 17. Study the flowchart and describe how Mango Pickle is prepared.

[Points: Buying (mangoes)→ sorting, removing rotten ones→ cleaning→ cutting into pieces – drying mixing (salt, spices, mustard oil, chilly, etc.) → keeping on a flat pot in the sun → pouring into jars, preserved.]

Answer:

• To prepare mango pickle, first good quality green mangoes are bought from the market. Then these mangoes are to be sorted and the rotten ones removed. The selected mangoes are then cleaned with water and cut into small pieces.
• They are then dried in the sun. Salt, spice, chilly, mustard oil are then added to them. These pieces of mangoes are now left in the sun on a flat pot for a few days. When absolutely dry and ready, they are poured into jars. They are now preserved for consumption.

Question 18. Find below a chart that shows how Mango Juice is processed. Write a paragraph in 100 words about it following the chart.

[Points: (Harvesting and delivering→ sorting→ cleaning crushing → mixing with water → syrup → putting into boxes → despatching)]

• Mangoes are harvested in gardens and sent to factories. They are then first sorted out and the rotten or defective ones are removed. The mangoes are then cleaned and washed in water thoroughly.
• Next, they are crushed by hand or machines. Water and syrup are then added in required quantities along with some preservative. The preservative helps in keeping the mango paste intact for a long time without getting decomposed. The material is then bottled in jars, sealed and labelled. The jars are packed into boxes and sent to market for sale.

Question 19. Read the flowchart and describe how clothes are washed and made ready for wear.

[Points: (Mixing detergent powder with water→ putting dirty clothes into mixture→ left for 15 to 20 minutes → scrabbing → rinsing → drying → pressing→ ready for wear.)]

Washing of Clothes

• Some quantity of water is first taken in a bucket and detergent powder is added to it. The water is then stirred thoroughly till a rich lather is produced. The clothes are now soaked into the mixture and left there for about fifteen to twenty minutes.
• They are then thoroughly scrubbed till’ dirt comes out. The clothes are now washed with clean water and rinsed. After drying the clothes in the open sun, they are pressed neatly. The clothes are now ready for wear.

Making of Bread

[Points: (Wheat grown in fields sold to flour mills → taken to factory → mixed with water, salt, yeast’divider’ cuts dough into loaves → doughs made to swell→ baked in ovens → sliced and wrapped by machines sold in shops.)]

• The basic ingredient needed for making bread is flour. It is produced in flour mills from wheat which is grown in fields. For the preparation of bread, flour is first mixed with water.
• Salt and yeast are then added to it and the matter mixed thoroughly to make a dough. A ‘divider’ is now used to cut the dough into loaves which are then baked in ovens. The dough swells and turns into a bread. The bread is then sliced, wrapped by machines, and sold in shops.

Preparation of Omelette

[Points: (Egg, onion, ginger, chilli→ onion, chili, ginger cut into pieces egg broken → poured into a pot→ onion, chili, a bit of salt and turmeric mixed→ the mixture stirred → a little mustard oil poured into a frying pan mixture poured into hot oil→ spread all over gently→ rolled and served with sauce.)]

• Take an egg, some onions, chilies, and ginger. Take a little ghee or butter also. Cut the onions, chilies, and ginger into small pieces. Break the egg into a small pot and add chili, onion and ginger pieces, and a bit of salt into it.
• Stir the mixture thoroughly. Take a pan and heat the butter or ghee on it. When it is properly heated, pour the mixture of egg on it. Spread the mixture gently on the pan and fry it for a minute or so. Make a roll and fry it thoroughly by turning. The omelet is now ready for serving with sauce.

Preparation of Coffee

[Points: (Kettle filled with water boiled in a stove→ pot made ready with coffee powder one teaspoon for each cup boiling water poured into pot → mixture stirred → sugar and milk added stirred → ready to serve. )]

• To prepare coffee, water is first boiled in a kettle by putting it on a stove. Pots are made ready with coffee powder-one teaspoonful for each cup. The boiling water is next poured into the pots, and sugar and milk are then added to it. The whole mixture is stirred thoroughly with a spoon. The coffee is now ready for serving.

Preparation of Lemon Squash

[Points: (Lemons collected→ scrubbed→ the rind (outer hård skin) scrapped → boiled with water-cooled squeezed for juice → citric acid and sugar mixed bottled → sent for sole. )]

• For the preparation of lemon squash, a sufficient number of lemons are collected first and these are cleaned by scrubbing. The rind (hard skin) of the lemon is then scrapped off and the lemons are boiled in water and allowed to cool.
• The juice is then squeezed out and after careful straining it is mixed with citric acid and sugar in proper proportion. The squash is now ready for consumption. It is next poured into sterilized bottles and labelled nicely. These are then sent to market for sale.

Preparation of Chowmein

[Points: (Noodles bought boiled with little water→ water drained→ onion, garlic, chili, ginger, beans, cabbages chopped → fried in a shallow pan over little oil boiled noodles added → salt, sauce to taste → served hot. )]

• Get some chow noodles from the market and break them into pieces. Put the noodles into a pan and boil them in water to soften the pieces. Next, drain out the water.
• Now sliced pieces of onion, garlic, chili, ginger, beans, and chopped cabbage are fried in a frying pan over little oil. The noodles are then added to the mass with a little salt in it. Fry them for about ten minutes and the chowmein is now ready. Spread a little sauce over the preparation in plates and serve them hot.

Preparation of Tomato Jelly

[Points (Tomatoes bought from market-sorting and removing rotten ones-cleaning → smashing extracting juice→→ boiled for 30 minutes→ adding sugar, chilli and preservative →→ jelly prepared)]

• First tomatoes are bought from the market. They are then sorted out and the rotten ones are removed. The tomatoes are next cleaned thoroughly with water and smashed in mixers to extract juice.
• The juice is now boiled for thirty minutes with the addition of sugar, chili, and a little preservative in it. The boiling continues till a pulp is formed. This is then allowed to cool and we get tomato jelly. It is now poured into bottles. After sealing and labelling, the bottles are sent to market for sale.

Preparation of Rehydration Mixture

[Points: (Clean hands, pots, teaspoon, tablespoon, cùps → pour 1litre boiled but cold water in a pot add 2 tablespoonfuls of sugar or honey, 1⁄2 teaspoonful salt, 1⁄2 cup orange juice, 1⁄2 teaspoonful/salt, 4 teaspoonful sodibicarb→ stir well → ready.)]

• To make the mixture, at first both the hands and other pots, tablespoons, teaspoons, and cups are to be washed and cleaned thoroughly. Then 1 liter of water is taken in a pot and boiled.
• It is then allowed to cool. 2 tablespoonfuls of sugar or honey and 1⁄2 teaspoonful of salt are now added to it and the mixture is stirred thoroughly. Next, 1⁄2 cup of orange juice and 1⁄4 teaspoonful of soda bicarb are added to the mixture and it is stirred constantly for thorough mixing. The mixture is now ready for use.

Preparation of Apple Jelly

[Points:( Buying apples → sorting and removing rotten ones → cleaning→ cutting into pieces → boiling in a container → turning into thick liquid substance → adding sugar → mixing chemicals for preservation → pouring into sterilized bottles → Sealing → sent to market. )]

• First, ripe apples are bought from market. These are then sorted out and the defective ones removed. The apples are now cleaned with water and cut into small pieces.
• These are then boiled in water in a container and crushed to form a pulp. Sugar, syrup, and some preservatives are then added to the pulp, and the mixture is boiled again till it becomes thick. It is next allowed to cool and we get apple jelly. This is now filled in sterilised bottles which are sealed and labelled. They are then sent to market for sale.

How the Postal System works

[Points: (Letters dropped into post-box→ collected and delivered at the post office → sorted the post office → sorted out → despatched→ delivered. )]

• The postal system works in a chain of events. First, letters are dropped into post-boxes at different spots. These are collected at fixed hours and taken to the post office. They are now sorted out according to destinations and dispatched to the respective post offices. The letters are then delivered to the addressees by postmen.

Formation of Rain

[Points (Clouds carry water vapour → cool air condenses the vapor into drops. drops combine together→ bigger drops formed → raindrops are too heavy to float → fall down in the form of rain )]

• When sun rays fall on the seas, rivers, lakes, etc., the water gets heated and turns into vapour. The hot vapor, being lighter than air, rises up and comes in contact with cool air high in the sky.
• The higher it goes, the cooler it becomes. When it becomes very cold, it condenses into droplets of water and forms clouds. Finer droplets combine together to form bigger drops. Gradually they become too heavy to float and fall on the earth in the form of rain.

Processing of Newspaper Publication

[Points: (Collection of news and pictures by press reporters and photographers → sorting → editing type setting in machines/computers → insertion of paper rolls→ printing of news → folding and cutting →newspaper ready → distribution → home delivery.)]

• Production of newspapers is a rather simple process. First, news and pictures collected by the press reporters and press photographers are taken to the editor where they are edited.
• Then types are set in machines or computers and the text composed. Paper rolls are then inserted in the printing machine. The printing machine is next operated and the news is printed on the paper. The newspapers are then folded and cut. These are now ready for distribution. The vendors or hawkers deliver them to the readers at home.

Preparation of Mustard Oil

[Points: (Seeds collected and dried→ dried seeds put into the hawler or crusher for crushing→ little water added oil cakes separated→ oil collected in containers → sealed→ ready for use )]

• Mustard seeds are first collected from the field and dried in bright sunshine for several days. The dried seeds are next put into the hawler or crusher and crushed with addition of a little water to extract oil. It is then strained to separate the oil cakes from the mustard oil which is collected in containers. The containers are next sealed and sent to market with oil ready for use.

Soap Making

[Points: (Coconut oil + caustic soda + water heated (half an hour) → allowed to cool → common salt added to be kept in that condition for twelves hours→ cut to pieces → ready for use )]

• Collect some coconut oil and caustic soda in a big pan. Mix them thoroughly with addition of water. Place the mixture on a big oven and heat it for half an hour. Stir the mixture thoroughly while heating.
• Then allow the mixture to cool down for some time. Add some common salt to keep the mixture in that condition for twelve hours. It solidifies. Cut the material to pieces. The pieces are now ready for use as soaps.

Question 20. Read the notice and write it in the form of a passage in not more than 100 words.

Answer:

• Rabindra Jayanti will be celebrated by Regent Estate Association this year at the Regent Estate Triangular Park at 6 p.m. on 8th May. Dr. S. K. Mitra, the renowned poet, has kindly consented to be the chief guest and Dr. N. N. Das will preside over the meeting.
• A cultural program has also been arranged with eminent artists like Sri Sukumar Dutta, Sri Swapan Gupta, Sri Santi Mitra and Sm. Chandana Roy. Besides, the main attraction of the evening would be the dance drama “Balmiki Protiva” to be staged by the members of Regent Estate Association.
• There is no entry fee and all are welcome.

Question 21. Read the notice. Write it in the form of a passage within 100 words.

Answer:

An annual excursion has been organized by Pragati Sangha. The travel will be by a luxury coach and it includes visits to Bolpur, Bakreswar, Tarapith, and Massanjore. The bus will start from the Sangha premises at 6 a.m. on 14th January and will return on the 17th afternoon. The cost for the whole tour would be Rs. 450.00 per head, all-inclusive. You are requested to book your scat Carly, latest by 10th January.

Question 22. Read the above advertisement and write a paragraph from the information given.
Answer:

• The All India Poetry Competition-2009 will be held under the sponsorship of the British Council Division and The Poetry Society (India). The entry is open to persons who can send poems written by them in English or translated in English from any Indian language.
• The competition carries a first prize of a two-week trip to Britain. Entry forms can be had from the British Council Libraries or by sending a self-addressed stamped envelope to “The Poetry Society (India), L-67A, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017.” The entry closes on 30th June 2009.

Story Writing

Story-writing-এ গল্পের plot (বিষয়বস্তু) নির্বাচন বা কীভাবে গল্পটি লিখতে হবে সে বিষয়ে লেখকের কোনো স্বাধীনতা থাকে না। কতকগুলি points বা outlines দেওয়া থাকে এবং সেইসব points / outlines অবলম্বন করেই গল্পটি লিখতে হয়।

How to proceed (কীভাবে অগ্রসর হতে হবে) :

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Solutions For Class 8 English

1. প্রদত্ত ‘ points / outlines- গুলি হতে গল্পের plot বা বিষয়বস্তু সম্বন্ধে সুস্পষ্ট ধারণা না হওয়া পর্যন্ত সেগুলি পুনঃপুনঃ পড়বে।
2. Plot সম্বন্ধে ধারণা হওয়ার পর কোনোরূপ মুখবন্ধ না লিখে একেবারে গল্প আরম্ভ করবে।
3. Points-গুলি যে পর্যায়ে দেওয়া থাকে গল্পের কথাগুলিও সেই পর্যায়ে লিখতে হবে।
4. গল্পের একটি title দিবে। গল্পটির প্রধান চরিত্র বা ঘটনা বা গল্পের সাথে সুসঙ্গত কোনো proverb বা প্রচলিত উক্তি title রূপে ব্যবহার করতে পারো। নীচের examples গুলি দেখো।

Story Writing Examples

Develop a story with the help of the following outlines. Give the title and moral of each story.

Question 1. Outlines: Two friends walking by a jungle-a bear suddenly comes out–one of the friends climbs up a tree-the other cannot-lies flat on the ground as dead-bear smells his face-thinks him dead and goes away-the first friend comes down-enquires what the bear whispers into his ears–the second friend replies, “Don’t trust a friend who leaves you in danger.”
Answer:

Title: A False Friend

Once upon a time two friends were walking by a jungle, talking about their love for each other. Suddenly they saw a bear coming out of the jungle. One of the friends at once forgot all his boast of friendship and climbed up a tree to save himself, without any thought of the other. The latter could not climb a tree.

So he lay flat upon the ground as dead, for he had heard that the bear would not touch a dead body. The bear came upon him, smelt his ears, nose, and face, and then went away, taking him for dead.

After it had disappeared the first friend came, down from the tree and asked the other what the bear had whispered into his ears. The latter had seen what a false friend he was and replied, “The bear advised me never to trust a man who leaves his friend in danger.”

Moral: A friend in need is a friend indeed.

Question 2. Outlines: A crow on a tree-a bit of flesh in her beak-a fox praises her beauty but expresses sorrow that she had no voice-the vain bird gives a ‘caw’ to prove that she has a voice-the flesh drops down the fox picks it up and goes away, taunting her for her vanity.
Answer:

Title: The Vain Crow

A crow sat on a tree with a bit of flesh in her beak. A fox saw her and thought of having the flesh. He said, “How beautiful you are how glossy your feathers are But alas! God had given you no voice.

It is certainly very cruel of him.” The crow was flattered by the praise and gave a ‘caw’ to prove that she had a voice. The flesh dropped from her beak. The fox picked it up and went away saying, “Vain bird, had you been half as wise as you are vain, you would not have lost the flesh.”
Moral: Don’t believe a flatterer.

Question 3. Outlines: A fox fell into a well- can’t climb up goat comes there fox praises the sweetness of the water of the well goat jumps down — the fox leaps upon its horn and gets out of the well-the goat is left behind.
Answer:

Title: The Fox and the Goat

Once a thirsty fox came to a well to drink water. By chance he slipped and fell into the well. He tried hard to get out of the well but could not. Soon a goat came there. The fox was in all praise for the water.

He invited the goat saying, “Come here, my friend. The water is so sweet. Just have a hearty drink.” The foolish goat became greedy and jumped into the well. The fox at once seized the opportunity to get out of the well by leaping upon its horns. The foolish goat understood the trick of the fox only too late. It was left behind to meet its doom (F).

Moral: Look before you leap.

Question 4. Outlines: A lion-killing animals hare came his being late animals decided to send one animal daily – turn of a was sorry-walked slowly-hungry lion angry-demanded to know the cause of the hare told a false story-held up by another lion-the lion wanted to see- the hare led him to a well the lion saw its own image jumped in— died.
Answer:

Title: The Foolish Lion

Once a lion was killing many animals. The animals were naturally afraid. They decided to send one animal daily to the lion. At last it was the turn of a hare to go to the lion. The hare was naturally sorry and walked slowly. He was late. The lion became angry and demanded to know the cause of his being late. The hare told him a false story.

He said that he was held up by another lion on the way. The lion became angry and wanted to see the other lion. The hare led him to a nearby well full of water where the lion saw his own image in it. But he could not understand it. He became furious and jumped into the well. Thus he died.

Moral: Look before you leap.

Question 5. Outlines: A hare and a tortoise wanted to run a race-they ran together for sometime-the over-confident hare slept on the way-the tortoise ran on non-stop-the hare woke up and ran- the tortoise had already arrived at the goal.
Answer:

Title: The Hare and the Tortoise

Once a hare and a tortoise wanted to run a race. They set out for the race. They ran together for some time and soon the hare went far ahead of the tortoise. The overconfident haré then took it easy and decided to take some rest.

He slept on the way. But the tortoise though slow ran non-stop. Soon, he overtook the sleeping hare and went far ahead of him. When the hare woke up and saw the tortoise much ahead, he tried to overtake him desperately, but failed. The tortoise reached the goal first and won the race.

Moral: Slow and steady wins the race.

Question 6. Outlines: A thirsty crow finds water nowhere comes to a pitcher-water too low down- the crow picks up stones and throws them into the pitcher-the water level rises-the crow quenches their thirst.
Answer:

Title: The Crow and the Pitcher

Once a crow became very thirsty. It searched for water but could not find it anywhere. At last it saw a pitcher at a distance. It flew down to it and found some water in it at the bottom. As the water was beyond its reach, it could not drink water, despite many attempts. But the crow was very thirsty and it must drink water anyhow.

It saw some stones lying nearby. Immediately a plan was chalked out. It dropped the stones into the pitcher one by one. The water level rose up to the mouth of the pitcher. The crow now could easily drink water and was satisfied.

Moral: Where there is a will, there is a way.

Question 7. Outlines: A farmer had three quarrelsome sons-he thought of a plan-asked his sons to break a bundle of sticks-each failed-the bundle was untied-the sticks were easily broken- his advice to his sons.
Answer:

Title: The Old Man and His Sons

A farmer had three sons. They always quarreled with one another. He always asked them not to quarrel but all was in vain. He was, thus, a worried man. One day he called his three sons and asked them to bring a bundle of sticks.

He asked each one of them to break it, but none of them could break the bundle. The farmer then asked each of his sons to break a single stick. All of them could break the stick easily.

He then urged them to remember that nobody would be able to do any harm to them if they remained united; but if they quarreled and remained separate, others could do harm to them easily. Good sense dawned on the sons and they stopped quarrelling and lived together happily.

Moral: Unity is strength.

Question 8. Outlines: The wheels of a cart sank into mud-the carter whipped the bullocks in vain-prayed to the god of strength for help-the god came-asked him to put his shoulder to the wheel- the cart moved.
Answer:

Title: The Carter and His Cart

Once a carter was driving his cart in a village road. Suddenly, one of the wheels of the cart sank in the mud. The carter whipped the bullocks to pull out the cart from the mud, but all was in vain. The carter then prayed to god of strength for help.

The god took pity on him. He asked him to put his shoulder to the wheel to move the cart. The Carter now realised that what was needed was his physical effort to come out of the crisis. He followed the advice of god and exerted his whole strength. The cart now moved forward.

Moral: Self-help is the best help or, Hard labor is always rewarded.

Question 9. Outlines: Hamlin, a town in Germany-increase in number of rats-people very much troubled handsome prize declared by Mayor-a piper blows magic pipe-rats followed the piper- rats drowned-prize refused-piper blows another tune children of the town followed-lost.
Answer:

Title: The Pied Piper

Once there was a great increase in the number of rats in a town named Hamlin in Germany. People were very much troubled by the rats. The Mayor was so worried that he declared a handsome prize to get rid of the rats. A piper came and blew his pipe. The rats were charmed by the sweet tune of the magic pipe and they all followed the piper.

The piper led the rats to the sea where they all drowned. When, however, the piper asked for the prize, it was refused. The piper then blew another tune. The children of the town were charmed by the sweet tune and they all followed the piper. The piper led the children to a cave and they were all lost.

Question 10. Outlines: A farrier had a goose-it laid golden eggs daily-greedy farmer cut the goose- lost everything.
Answer:

Title: The Farmer and His Goose

A farmer had a goose. It used to lay one golden egg everyday. The farmer was very glad. He sold the eggs one by one. In a short time he became a rich man. The goose was at the root of his prosperity. But the farmer gradually became very greedy.

He wanted to become richer still. He was not satisfied with one golden egg every day. Instead, he thought of getting the golden eggs from the goose all at a time. He thought by this he would become immensely rich. He was a foolish man.

He did not know that a goose can lay only one egg daily. He killed the goose. When he cut it open, he did not find any egg inside the body of the goose. He lost everything. The farmer repented his action.

Moral: Too much of greed is bad, Grasp all, lose all.

Question 11. Outlines: An old lady becomes blind-a dishonest doctor is called in-steals valuable articles of the lady-lady recovers-lady recovers refused to pay fees-doctor returns stolen goods-lady pays him moral.
Answer:

Title: The Old Lady and Her Doctor

Once an old lady became blind and called in a doctor. The doctor examined her and assured to cure her. But he demanded a large sum of money as his fees. The lady agreed to pay the amount once she was cured. While the treatment was going on, the doctor started removing valuable articles from the lady’s house one by one.

Finally, when the lady recovered, the doctor wanted his fees. The lady refused to pay the fees as she said that she had not been cured, for she could not see any of her valuable articles. The dishonest doctor could understand the lady’s mind. He returned the stolen goods and the lady then paid his fees.

Moral: Dishonesty does not pay in the long run.

Question 12. Outlines: A lion was sleeping in his dena – mouse entered into his nostril – angry lion took pity on the mouse – the lion was caught in a hunter’s net – roared-mouse cut the net – freed the lion Moral.
Answer:

Title: The Lion and The Mouse

Once a lion was sleeping in his den. A mouse, playing nearly, suddenly entered into his nostril. The lion was disturbed in his sleep. He became angry, held the mouse in his paw and was about to kill it.

The mouse begged for life. The lion took pity on the mouse and set it free. One day the lion was caught in a hunter’s net. The lion roared and tried hard to come out. But all was in vain.

The mouse, who was living nearby, heard the lion’s roar. It ran to the lion and recognised him. It bit the net with its sharp teeth and set the lion free.

Moral: A good deed has always a good return.

Question 13. Outlines: King Solomon-a wise king-the queen of Sheba heard of his wisdom-wanted to test his wisdom-came to his court with two garlands of flowers-one was real and the other artificial-king puzzled to see them opened the windows-bees swarmed into the room this helped to choose the real garland.
Answer:

Title: King Solomon’s Wisdom

King Solomon was a very famous king known for his wisdom. The queen of Sheba had heard a lot about his wisdom and wanted to test it. Once she was invited by the king to his court. The clever queen came to his court with two beautiful garlands of flowers-one real and the other artificial.

But they looked alike. She asked the king to pick up the garland of real flowers. The king was a little puzzled. Then an idea came upon his mind. He opened the windows. Bees swarmed into the room and sat on the garland made of real flowers. He could then identify the real garland easily.

The queen was deeply impressed with the king’s wisdom.

Question 14. Outlines: King Midas was greedy-prayed for a boon to get much gold-God granted his prayer everything turned into gold-he cried-God took back the boon.
Answer:

Title: King Midas’s Greed for Gold

In ancient Greece there was a king named Midas. He was very greedy. He had a great love for gold. He always wished to get as much gold as possible. One day he prayed to God for a boon that whatever he would touch should turn into gold. God granted his prayer and Midas was very happy.
Whatever he touched now turned into gold.

But when he went to eat and drink and touched his food and drinks, they at once turned into gold. When his little daughter came to him and embraced him, she also turned into gold. King Midas was very much shocked to see the lifeless gold statue of his dear daughter.

He now realised his folly. He cried and prayed to God to take back the boon. God took back his boon and Midas’s daughter was’ brought back to life. Midas promised never to hanker after gold again.

Question 15. Outlines: England at war with France-a young British sailor held by the French allowed to move about on the seacoast opposite England-got an empty barrel-made it into a boat- intention to cross over to England-detected and brought before Napoleon-said he longed to see his mother-Napoleon touched-gave him a gold coin-sent him back to England.
Answer:

Title: Napoleon and the British Sailor

Once when England was at war with France, the French army captured a young British sailor. The sailor was allowed to roam about on the shore of France opposite the English coast. One day he got an empty barrel floating in the sea.

He made it into a boat to cross over to England. But as he was about to make the attempt, he was detected and brought before Napoleon, the French emperor. He asked the sailor what had inspired him to risk his life that way.

The sailor replied that he wanted to see his mother whom he had not seen for a long time. Napoleon was very much touched at this. He offered him a piece of gold coin and sent him back to England.

Question 16. Outlines: A wolf met a healthy dog-dog spoke highly of his lot good food-kept watching only at night-wolf nearly won over-noticed a mark round the dog’s neck-mark of chain the result.
Answer:

Title: The Wolf and the Dog

One day a hungry wolf met a healthy dog by chance. As they fell into conversation, the dog spoke highly of the comforts of his life. He was the pet of his master’s family and was well fed. As to work, he had nothing to do but to guard the master’s house at night.

The wolf complained that his own lot was quiet different. He was never sure of food and often had to go without it. The dog pitied the wolf with superior air. Just then the wolf noticed a mark on the dog’s neck and wanted to know what it was. The dog replied that it was the mark of the chain in which he was kept.

The wolf then said, ‘Well, you are not free then. I no longer envy you. I prefer my freedom without food a thousand times to your well-fed comfortable life of bondage (nsit). So saying the wolf left the place.

Moral: Freedom is the most important thing in life.

Question 17. Outlines: A farmer returns home-saw a snake dies in cold- farmer brought at home – children played with it-the snake and about to bite snake was killed.
Answer:

Title: The Farmer and the Ungrateful Snake

One wintry evening a farmer was returning home after a hard day’s work. Suddenly he saw a snake lying on the ground almost dying in cold. Out of pity the farmer took it home. He gave the snake enough comfort. Very soon the snake felt better.

The children in the house liked the snake very much and started playing with it. But the snake was ungrateful and could not change its habit. One day it was about to bite them. This made the farmer very angry. He immediately killed it with a stick.

Question 18. Outlines: An old farmer-idle sons-father in death bed-wants to teach them the need of hard work-tells them about the treasures hidden in the field-song dig the ground-no hidden treasure-sow paddy-golden crop that year.
Answer:

Title: The Old Farmer and His Idle Sons

Once there was an old farmer who had several sons. They were idle in nature and did not like to work at all. The farmer was worried. One day when he became old and was in his death bed, he called all his sons.

He wanted to teach them a lesson and the need to do hard work. He told them that he had some treasures hidden in the field. Soon when the farmer died, all the sons started to dig up the ground to get the hidden treasures.

But alas! They did not get any. They became frustrated. At last, they sowed some paddy seeds in the dug-up ground. Golden crops grew that year in the field. They then realized that the hidden treasures were the golden crops. They were happy.

Moral: Hard work brings reward.

Question 19. Outlines: A farmer’s daughter going to market with a can of milk on her head-lost in daydreaming-dream of being very rich-many suitors-rejects them all-nods her head in pride-the result.
Answer:

Title: Day Dreams of a Farmer Girl

One day a farmer’s daughter was going to market with a can of milk on her head. She was of a romantic turn of mind. So while walking she was lost in daydreaming. She imagined that by selling milk every day she would earn a large sum of money.

She would then buy many more cows that would give her enough milk to make her rich. She would then build a new house for herself. Her fashionable clothes would make her look charming.

The young men in the locality would then gather round her suing for her hand. But she would reject them all, as they would be much beneath her status. So lost was the girl in her dream that she actually shook her head proudly to express her rejection.

The car on her head fell down at once, spilling the milk on the ground. The girl got a rude awakening from her foolish dream. Tears began to roll down her cheeks.

Question 20. Outlines: Two women quarrel over a child-come to court-Judge’s order to cut the child into two equal halves one gives up claim-‘do not cut the child-the other silent-Judge decided.
Answer:

Title: The Wise Judge

Once two women quarrelled over a baby. Each of them claimed it as her own. At last, they came to a judge to decide the matter. The judge heard the dispute but could not come to a decision immediately.

After some time he ordered to cut the baby into two equal halves. Each women should be given a half. One woman cried out at once, ‘Do not cut the child. Give the baby to her.’

The other woman kept silent. The Judge could understand who the real mother was. He gave the baby to the first woman and punished the second woman.

Moral: A mother always cares for the safety of her child.

Question 21. Outlines: A miser had vast wealth-converted to a lump of gold-kept it buried in the ground checked the treasure everyday by digging the earth-a thief noticed it-he dug up the earth and took away the treasure-the miser lamented the loss friends consoled he had not enjoyed the treasure-no reason to lament.
Answer:

Title: The Miser and his Lump of Gold

A miser amassed a vast wealth. He was always afraid that he might be robbed. So he went to a goldsmith and converted all his wealth and money into a big lump of gold and kept it buried under a big tree.

A thief noticed him burying the gold and planned to steal it at an opportune moment. The miser used to go to the spot every now and then and check the treasure. He buried it again under the ground.

One day he found that the earth had been dug up and the lump of gold was gone. Shocked, he began to cry lamenting over the loss of his fortune. His friends came and consoled him by saying that he lived miserly and had not enjoyed the treasure before it was stolen.

So it mattered little whether he buried a lump of gold or a piece stone inside the earth. It was all the same for him.

Moral: Wealth left unused has no value at all.

Question 22. Outlines: A rich merchant going through a deep forest with a bagful of coins-started raining blamed God for the rain-two robbers came-fired their guns at him-wet gunpowder-the merchant saved.
Answer:

Title: A Merchant and two Robbers

Once a rich merchant was going through a deep forest. He had a bagful of coins in his bag. Suddenly it started raining heavily and he took shelter under a big tree. He was drenched through and through and blamed God for the heavy rain.

Soon two robbers appeared at the spot and they threatened to kill the merchant. They fired their guns at him. But the gunpowder was so wet that the guns did not go off. The merchant was saved. He then thanked God for the rain.

Moral: God is always kind.

Question 23. Outlines: A poor woodcutter-cutting wood near a river-axe fell into the river-wept-river godess came with a golden axe-woodcutter refused-goddess came with a silver axe-woodcutter refused-goddess came with an iron’ axe-woodcutter glad-goddess gifted all the axes to the woodcutter.
Answer:

Title: The Honest Woodcutter

Once a woodcutter was cutting a branch of a tree by the side of a river. Suddenly his axe slipped off his hand and fell into the river. The woodcutter felt sad and started crying bitterly. The water goddess took pity on him.

She appeared before him and showed him a silver and a golden axe and asked which one of them was his. The woodcutter said that none of the axes belonged to him. The goddess again dived into the water and brought a common iron axe.

The woodcutter was very glad to see the axe and said that it was his own axe. The goddess was very much pleased at his honesty. She gave him all the three axes as a reward for his truthfulness.

Moral: Honesty is the best policy.

Question 24. Outlines: A woman’s son dead goes to Lord Buddha to get back life-Lord asked to bring mustard seeds from the house where none died-she went door to door-failed to get such seeds- reported to the Lord he advised.
Answer:

Title: Lord Buddha and the Woman

Once a woman lost her child. She came to Lord Buddha and prayed to him to bring back life to her dead child. The holy man told her that there was only one medicine to bring back life to her child. He advised her to bring him a handful of mustard seeds from a house where nobody had ever died.

The woman went from door to door seeking the mustard seeds. She asked at every door if anyone in the family had died. But she could not find any such house. So she could not get the mustard seeds that Lord Buddha wanted.

The poor woman then went back to Lord Buddha and told him the result of her search. Then Buddha told her tenderly not to think much of her own grief since sorrow and death are common to all. The woman realised the truth of his words and found consolation.

Moral: Sorrow and death are common to all.

Question 25. Outlines: A crow lived on a tree-a snake lived in a hole at the foot-it ate up the crow’s young ones crow stole a necklace of the prince-dropped it into the snake’s hole the king’s men traced it-dug into the hole-snake killed.
Answer:

Title: The lost Necklace and the Snake

Once there lived a crow on a tree. A venomous snake also lived in a hole at the foot of that tree. The snake used to eat up the young ones of the crow regularly. This made the crow angry. To get rid of the snake he made a plan.

He stole a necklace of the prince and dropped it into the snake’s hole. When the king’s men started to look out for the necklace, they reached the hole and traced the necklace. Immediately. they dragged out the snake, killed it and recovered the lost necklace.

Question 26. Outlines: Wind, Sun quarrel over strength-decide to test-sees man in coat-wind blows hard-man pulls coat close-sun shines brighter-man takes the coat off.
Answer:

Title: The Sun and the Wind

Once there was a dispute between the sun and the wind as to who was more powerful. They could not solve it. Suddenly they saw a man with a coat on, walking along the road. Both the sun and the wind decided that whoever would be able to remove the coat from the man’s body would be considered the more powerful. The wind was very proud of its strength.

It attempted first and started blowing harder and harder. But the man clasped the coat tightly round his body. The coat could not be taken out. Thus the wind failed. Then it was the sun’s turn. It became hotter and hotter.

The man felt very hot and at last he had to take off the coat from his body. Thus, the sun proved to be stronger than the wind. Moral: Pride must have a fall.

Question 27. Outlines: A slave in Rome-Androcles-took shelter in a cave for fear of arrest by the Emperor a lion with pain in its paw-thorn-Androcles took it out-Androcles caught by Emperor’s men-thrown into a cage of hungry lion-it licked and fawned on him.
Answer:

Title: Androcles and the Lion

There lived in Rome a slave named Androcles. Once he fled and took shelter in a forest for fear of arrest by the Emperor. One morning he saw a lion coming towards him. He was limping and seemed to be in great pain. Androcles picked up courage and went to the lion.

He examined the lion’s paw and found that a thorn had stuck deep into the paw. With great care he drew out the thorn and dressed the wound. The lion felt great relief and seemed to be grateful to Androcles.

After some days, Androcles was arrested by the Emperor’s men. He was thrown into the cage of a hungry lion as punishment. But a strange thing happened. Instead of attacking Androcles the lion lay at the feet of Androcles, licked his hands, and fawned on him. It was the very lion whose wounds Androcles had cured. The grateful lion recognised his benefactor and thus showed his gratitude.

Moral: A good work never goes unrewarded.

Question 28. Outlines: Bone stuck to a wolf’s throat-requested everyone-none came- helped-asked for reward-the wolf’s answer-moral.
Answer:

Title: The Wolf and the Crane

Once a bone stuck in the throat of a wolf. He tried his best to remove it, but could not. He offered a reward and requested everyone to help him, but none came to his help.

At last, a crane came forward and drew out the bone. When the crane asked for the reward, the ungrateful wolf refused it. He said, “You are lucky that I have not eaten you up, and that is your reward!”

Moral: Never believe a rogue:

Question 29. Outlines: Dishonest shopkeeper-weights less-customer asks why-easy for customer less to carry customer pays less-shopkeeper demands more-less to count.
Answer:

Title: The Customer and the Dishonest Shopkeeper

Once a customer went to a shop to buy some sugar. The shopkeeper was a dishonest person. He played tricks in the weight and gave him less quantity of sugar.

On being asked by the customer why he did so, the shopkeeper replied that it would be easy for him to carry less weight. The customer understood the matter.

He paid less money. The shopkeeper demanded more, but the customer reminded him that it would be easy for him to countless money.

Moral: Tit for tat

Question 30. Outlines: A proud jackdaw-dressed himself in peacock’s features-soon found out-driven away-found no place in own community.
Answer:

Title: The Foolish Jackdaw

Once there was a foolish jackdaw who was proud of his feathers. He hated to live among other jackdaws even though he has black feathers. One day he picked up beautiful feathers of a peacock’s tail and decorated himself with them.

He then walked proudly to a family of peacocks to make friends with them. But they could not be fooled. They found out his fault and drove him away. He turned to his old friends, but they also refused to take him back.

The foolish jackdaw had to live alone. Moral: Blindly imitating other leads to humiliation.

Question 31. Outlines: A dog-a piece of meat in his mouth-crosses a bridge-sees his shadow-takes it for another dog with a piece of meat in his mouth-jumps to grab the piece of meat-loses his own piece.
Answer:

Title: The Dog and His Shadow

Once a dog stole a piece of meat from a butcher’s shop. He ran away to enjoy it alone. He had to cross a bridge. While on the bridge he looked below and saw his own shadow in the water. The foolish dog thought the shadow to be another dog with a piece of meat in his mouth.

He was very greedy and wanted to have it too. So he jumped into the water and opened his mouth to grab the piece of meat. As a result his own piece of meat dropped from his mouth into the water.

Moral: Do not run after imaginary gain.

Question 32. Outlines: A cat praying on mice day and night-mice hold a meeting-a young mouse suggest that a bell be tied round the cat’s neck-sound of the bell will warn them-all mice agree-an old mouse asks who will bell the cat-all silent-plan dropped.
Answer:

Title: Mice in Council

Once there lived several mice in a house. They were always in fear of a cat that lived in the same house. It used to attack the mice and often killed them. The mice did not know what to do, for nobody was sure when the cat would come. So, one day they called a meeting to find a way out of the danger. They went on discussing the situation for several hours, but there was no solution.

At last one young mouse stood up and said, ‘Let us tie a bell around the cat’s neck. It will ring at every step when the cat moves. We will then run away.’ The mice jumped up in joy at this idea. Then an old mouse slowly got up and said, ‘It is a very good idea indeed. But who will bell the cat?’ There was no reply. No one came forward to tie the bell.

Moral: It is very easy to say but difficult to do.

Question 33. Outlines: A cap-seller-lies with his cap on-tired-falls asleep some monkeys living in the tree sees him-comes down-each wears a cap-cap-seller gets up, sees him them-tries to get back caps but fails – throws his cap down in frustration-monkeys imitate his action- cap-seller happily collects the caps.
Answer:

Title: The Cap-seller and the Monkeys

Once a cap seller was walking around to sell his caps. He had to move about in the sun, so he was tired. He lay under the shade of a tree for rest and soon he fell fast asleep. He lay with his cap on. Besides this cap he had with him a few other caps for sale.

Some monkeys living in the tree noticed this. They came down, stole the caps and wore them on the head: When the cap-seller woke up, he found that all his caps were gone. He looked up and found the monkeys wearing his caps.

He was in great despair as it was not possible for him to catch the monkeys. At last he hit upon a plan. He knew that monkeys are fond of imitating others. So he threw his own cap down in frustration. The monkeys noticed this. They also did the same thing. The cap-seller then collected the caps happily.

Question 34. Outlines: A shepherd boy used to tend a flock of sheep-cried “Wolf! Wolf!” for fun– villagers rushed-no wolf-one day really a wolf attacked-the boy cried, “Save me ! Wolf! Wolf!” no one came-wolf killed him.
Answer:

Title: The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf

A shepherd boy tended a flock of sheep near a forest. One day he cried, “Wolf, Wolf!” The villagers. rushed to help him. But they found no wolf. The boy made a fun of them. This he did for several days. Every time the villagers came to help him and they were fooled. They became angry with him. One day a wolf really came. The boy cried, “Wolf! Wolf!” in fear. But nobody came to his help. The wolf killed the boy.

Moral: Nobody believes a liar.

Question 35. Outlines: A bee was carried off by a stream- a dove dropped a leaf- saved it- aimed at the dove-the bee stung him he missed the aim-the dove was saved.
Answer:

Title: The Bee and the Dove

A bee by chance fell into a stream. The current swept it forward and its life was in danger. A dove lived on a tree by the side of the stream. It took pity on it. It threw a leaf at the bee. The bee got on it and swam to the bank. Its life was saved, and for this it thanked the dove. Some days later, the bee saw a hunter aiming an arrow at the dove. The grateful bee flew up to the hunter and stung him hard on his leg. The hunter missed his aim. The dove flew away and was saved.

Moral: Kindness never goes unrewarded.