WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Europe In The 20th Century SAQs

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Europe In The 20th Century Short Answer Questions

Question 1. What does the term Czar signify?
Answer:

Czar signify

The word ‘Czar’ means an emperor and the former autocratic rulers of Russia from 1547 to 1917 were known as the Czars.

The word Czar had its origin in the Latin word Caesar. Ivan IV first adopted the title of the Czar in Russia and the Czarist regime ended in 1917 with the abdication of Nicholas II.

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Question 2. What do you mean by Czardom?
Answer:

Czardom

Czarism or Czardom had its beginning with Ivan IV in 1547, much before Mikhail Romanov founded the Romanov dynasty in Russia in 1613.

The Romanov kings ruled Russia for more than 300 years. The Romanov kings considered themselves as the Czar or the sovereign ruler of Russia and this Czarist regime ended in 1917 with the abdication of Nicholas 2.

Question 3. Why did the Decembrist Movement take place?
Answer: On 25th December 1825, Czar Nicholas I ascended the throne of Russia because his elder brother Constantine had withdrawn himself from the line of succession.

On the very next day on 26th December 1825, the Russian army officers led around 3000 soldiers and protested against this assumption of power by Nicholas I. Since this revolt or movement occurred in December these rebels were known as the Decembrists.

Question 4. Why did the Decembrist Revolt end in failure?
Answer: The Decembrist Revolt took place in Russia on 26th December 1825 as a protest by the soldiers against the assumption of power or throne by Czar Nicholas I.

However, the movement lacked popular support and failed. There was also the absence of organizational strength which too contributed to the cause of its failure.

Question 5. Describe the Czarist rule in Russia before the Revolution of 1917.
Answer:

The Czarist rule in Russia before the Revolution of 1917

During the period of the Czarist rule, Russia was in a feudal condition with powers concentrated in the hands of the autocratic Czars.

The landlords dominated and exploited the peasants and the condition of the workers was miserable. Unlike the other countries of Europe which witnessed socio-economic and political developments in the 18th Century, the Russian Czars continued with their autocratic and reactionary rules and ignored the brewing resentments that were evident at all levels of the society.

Question 6. Discuss the two repressive measures adopted by Nicholas 1.
Answer:

The two repressive measures adopted by Nicholas 1

Nicholas I was one of the most reactionary Czars of Russia who adopted certain repressive measures during his reign. He introduced a policy named, ‘The Board of Censorship’ to keep a strict vigil upon the people and especially over the universities, schools, and the press.

He also created a body of secret police or the ‘Third Section’ who had immense power at their disposal and could arrest, execute, imprison, or exile people.

Question 7. Write about any two contributions of Czar Nicholas I.
Answer:

Two contributions of Czar Nicholas I

Czar Nicholas I was an autocratic ruler and because of his reactionary policies, it has been said that he froze Russia for 30 years.

Yet, he had left behind some contributions –

1. The Industrial Revolution in Russia began during his reign and both textile and light industries showed significant growth.
2. He also encouraged the people of Russia to devote time to learning literature instead of engaging themselves in politics.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 5 SAQs With Answers Duma

Question 8. What was Duma?
Answer:

1. The Duma was the elected legislative body which along with the State Council, constituted the Russian legislature from 1906.
2. This legislative body was formed by Czar Nicholas II after the Revolution of 1905 in Russia, Duma was dissolved in March 1917.

Question 9. What was the Narodnik Movement?
Answer:

The Narodnik Movement

In the Russian language, the word ‘Narod’ means ‘people’ but in the context of 19th Century Russia, it referred to the peasantry.

The Narodnik Movement was a populist attempt to engage the rural people of Russia in a political debate that would bring about the downfall of the Czarist government in the 19th Century.

It was believed that political propaganda among the peasantry would lead to the awakening of the masses which in turn would result in the liberalization of the Czarist rule.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Question 10. What was the Narodnaya Volya?
Answer:

Narodnaya Volya

The term NarodnayaVolya means ‘People’s Will’. It was a revolutionary political organization of Russia formed in the 19th Century, which executed assassinations of government officials to put an end to the autocratic system as well as the reforms of Czar Alexander II. It was one of the members of Narodnaya Volya who murdered Czar Alexander II.

Question 11. How did the authors and philosophers influence the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Answer: The Russian authors and philosophers had a remarkable influence on the Revolution of 1917 in the same way as the French philosophers and authors had on the French people before the French Revolution.

The tyrannical rule of the Czars and the miserable condition of the Russian citizens were exposed through the writings of Tolstoy, Gorky, Dostoevsky, Gogol, Pushkin, and Turgenev.

The writings of Karl Marx on Scientific Socialism or Communism also influenced the Russian people who gradually lost their faith in their rulers.

Question 12. Why is the Revolution of 1917 known as the Bolshevik Revolution as well as the November Revolution?
Answer: The Russian Revolution of 1917 took place under the leadership of V.l. Lenin and his Bolshevik Party. It was on 7th November 1917 that the Bolsheviks seized State power. So, the Revolution of 1917 is known as the Bolshevik Revolution as well as the November Revolution.

WBBSE History Chapter 5 Europe In The 20th Century Short Questions Rasputin

Question 13. Who was Rasputin?
Answer:

• Rasputin was a Siberian monk who gained considerable influence over Czarina Alexandra, the queen of Czar Nicholas II.
• By manipulating the Queen and the Czar he exercised excessive control over administration, appointments of ministers, commanders, and bureaucrats, and also made decisions on wars. He was viewed by a large number of Russians as a religious charlatan.

Question 14. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party? What was his real name?
Answer: V.l. Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik Party. Lenin was born in 1870 and died in 1924. His real name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.

Question 15. When and why was the Social Democratic Party of Russia divided?
Answer: In 1903, a dispute arose in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between Julius Martov and Vladimir Lenin.

The party thus divided into two factions

1. The Bolsheviks
2. The Mensheviks.

The party that had the majority was under the leadership of Lenin and formed the Bolshevik Party and the other group which did not have the support of the majority was the Menshevik Party.

Question 16. What do you know about the Nihilist Movement in Russia?
Answer:

The Nihilist Movement in Russia

The word ‘Nihilism’ is derived from the Latin word nihil which means nothing. The movement that took place in Russia against Czar Alexander II in 1860 is known as the Nihilist Movement.

The Nihilists voiced their protest against the abusive nature of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Czarist regime, and the domination of the Russian economy by the aristocracy.

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Question 17. What were the differences between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks in Russia?
Answer:

The differences between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks in Russia

The Social Democratic Party was formed in Russia in 1898 and was divided into two groups namely the Bolshevik Party and Menshevik Party in 1903.

The Bolshevik Party which had the support of the majority was under the leadership of V. I. Lenin who wanted to establish the socialist government in Russia through a revolutionary movement.

The Menshevik Party did not have the support of the majority and was under the leadership of Martov who wanted to form a democratic government in Russia.

Question 18. How was the social condition of Russia at the end of the 19th Century?
Answer: Russian society was primarily an agricultural one even at the end of the 19th Century and it comprised two classes

1. The nobility and
2. The peasantry.

All the socio-political and economic privileges were enjoyed by the aristocracy and even after the emancipation of serfs they remained subject to oppression and exploitation. The middle class who represented a small number in Russian society was always unhappy with the policies of the government.

History Chapter 5 Europe In The 20th Century SAQs WBBSE Trotsky

Question 19. Who was Trotsky?
Answer:

Leon Trotsky was born on 7th November 1879 in a Jewish family in Russia and died on 21st August 1940. He was a close associate of V. I . Lenin during the November Revolution of 1917 and his real name was Lev Davidovich Bronstein.

After the death of Lenin, Joseph Stalin gained power dismissed Trotsky, and sent him into exile in 1929 it is further said that because of his anti-Stalinist attitude, he was murdered in 1940 by a Stalinist agent.

Question 20. Who was Kerensky?
Answer:

Kerensky

Kerensky was the leader of the moderate-socialist Trudovik faction of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. He became the Prime Minister of Russia in 1917 after the fall of the Czar and his government went to war against Germany.

On 7th November 1917, the Bolshevik Party with the help of the ‘Red Guards’ seized state power and Kerensky had to flee from Russia.

Question 21. Which incident was known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ in Russia?
Answer: On 22nd January 1905, Father Gapon along with his unarmed demonstrators marched to the Winter Palace of the Czar to meet him and put forward some of the demands drafting like

1. A constitution that guaranteed the protection of the basic rights of the workers
2. To release the political prisoners.

Unfortunately, the army of the Czar opened fire on those peaceful demonstrators killing and injuring many of the workers. This incident is known as the ‘Bloody Sunday’.

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Question 22. Why did the Revolution of 1905 take place in Russia?
Answer: The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, the incident of Bloody Sunday, the autocratic and reactionary rule of the Czars, the economic exploitation of the peasantry, the inequalities in the social structure, and the grievances of the workers together contributed to the outbreak of the Revolution of 1905 in Russia.

The movement was ruthlessly suppressed by the Czarist government. But according to V.l.Lenin the Revolution of 1905 was a dress rehearsal for the Revolution of 1917 in Russia.

Question 23. What was the significance of the Revolution of 1905 in Russia?
Answer:

The significance of the Revolution of 1905 in Russia

The Revolution of 1905 in Russia failed no doubt but V.L. Lenin considered it as the dress rehearsal to the Revolution of 1917.

The revolution helped the people of Russia like the peasants and the workers to realize that they had to get rid of the Czarist rule to improve their conditions.

Also, it was due to the Revolution of 1905 that Czar Nicholas 2 was forced to make certain concessions –

1. He allowed to hold elections to the legislative assembly known as Duma
2. Legalized the political parties
3. Propagated a set of Fundamental laws.

Question 24. What do you know about the ‘Red Guards’?
Answer:

The ‘Red Guards’

The Red Guards in Russia was formed by Leon Trotsky. It was formed with volunteers who were mainly factory workers, peasants, Cossacks, and partially of soldiers and sailors and they played an important role during the Revolution of 1917.

On November 7th, 1917, Lenin ordered Trotsky to lead the Red Guards and capture government offices, banks, rail stations, and telephone exchanges and this helped the Bolsheviks in capturing state power.

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Question 25. What was the social impact of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917?
Answer:

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had resulted in drastic changes in the social system –

1. Socialism was established in Russia and inequalities became the story of the past
2. The aristocratic privileges and the power of the church were curtailed
3. It ended the exploitation of the workers and the peasantry
4. The non-Russians living in Russia were conferred equal rights and status.
5. Finally, the Revolution of 1917 can be regarded as the harbinger of the anti-capitalist movement and the development of Communist and Socialist ideologies.

Question 26. What was the immediate result of the Russian Revolution?
Answer:

The immediate result of the Russian Revolution

The success of the Russian Revolution gave rise to a new political belief called Communism and brought about a redefinition of democracy.

The privileges of the aristocracy and the clergies were curtailed, land and wealth were distributed among the people and socialist Russia also put an end to the concept of private property.

The reactionary community comprising of the landlords, clergies, and the rich protested against the government in Russia but the concept of Communism gained strength in different parts of the world like China, India, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

Question 27. Why was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed between the new Russian Government and Germany on March 3rd, 1918.

By the terms of this treaty, Russia withdrew itself from the First World War and stopped further invasion. Also in his April Theses, Lenin promised to bring back peace in Russia which was fulfilled through this treaty.

WBBSE History Chapter 5 SAQs Important Questions New Economic Policy

Question 28. What was the New Economic Policy?
Answer:

V.l. Lenin was a realist and farsighted statesman who could not be limited by the term ‘Text-book Communist’ In 1917, he introduced ‘War Communism’ but when it failed to achieve the desired goal he adopted the New Economic Policy in 1921.

According to the New Economic Policy-

1. The peasants were allowed to sell their surplus crops after payment of tax to the state
2. There was no longer any control of the state on the small and medium-sized enterprises and private ownership was made possible in those areas
3. All trades barring the foreign ones brought under individual control and not under the State
4. In the case of internal trade private investment of capital was also granted.
5. These measures surely strengthened the Russian economy.

Question 29. Who were the Allied Powers and Central Powers during the First World War?
Answer: The First World War began in 1914 and ended in 1918. It was fought between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The Allied Powers were comprised of Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and Serbia while the Central Powers were comprised of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.

Question 30. What do you know about the Battle of Jutland?
Answer:

Battle of Jutland

The Battle of Jutland was a naval battle that took place between England and Germany in May 1916. The British Royal Navy Grand Fleet was under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe and the Imperial German Navy’s High Seas Fleet was under Vice¬Admiral Reinhard Scheer.

The Battle of Jutland was the largest naval battle of the First World War but the Germans failed to undermine the British naval strength in this war.

Question 31. Why did the USA join the First World War?
Answer: USA joined the First World War on the side of the Allied Powers in 1917. Germany sank as many as five American merchant ships around the British Isles which prompted America to come out of her neutral position and enter into the First World War.

Apart from the sinking of her merchant ships, Germany’s attempt to lure Mexico into an alliance against the United States was another reason for America to join the war on the side of the Allies.

Question 32. What was April Theses?
Answer:

April Theses

1. On April 16th, 1917, V. I. Lenin, upon his return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland declared a series of ten directives which was known as the ‘April Theses’.
2. He announced that after gaining political power the Bolsheviks would put an end to war and establish peace and state control over production, distribution, and system of banking.
3. Further, he propagated the idea of confiscating the property of landlords and distributing them among the peasants, bringing industries under the control of the state and subsequently under the workers, destroying the entire notion of capitalism, and forming the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Question 33. Who were the Big Four at the peace conference in Paris?
Answer: The Allied Powers and 32 friendly countries met at a peace conference in Paris in 1919. Allied interests were represented by the leaders of four countries namely- Woodrow Wilson, the US President, Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister, George Clemenceau, the French Prime Minister and Vittorio Orlando, the Italian Prime Minister. These four were referred to as the Big Four at the peace conference in Paris.

Question 34. What were the treaties signed by Germany, Austria, and Turkey with the Allied Powers after the First World War?
Answer:

The treaties that were signed between Germany, Austria, and Turkey with the Allied Powers after the First World War were—

1. On 28th June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed between Germany and the Allied Powers.
2. On 10th September 1919, the Treaty of St.Germain was signed between Austria and the Allied powers
3. On 10th August 1920, the Treaty of Sevres was signed between Turkey and the Allied Powers.

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Question 35. Why was the First World War called a ‘total war’?
Answer: The First World War (1914 to 1918) was fought on land, water, and air and it crossed beyond the boundaries of Europe and spread across some parts of the world leaving an ineradicable mark upon generations of people.

Several lethal weapons were used in the war and most of the countries of the world were involved the war not only destroyed properties it also took away innumerable lives both civilians and soldiers. Taking into account all those destructions, ravages, and involvements of the nations the First World War was aptly considered as a ‘total war’.

Question 36. Why is the Treaty of Versailles known as a ‘dictated peace’?
Answer: The Treaty of Versailles was signed between Germany and the Allied Powers on 28th June 1919 through which the Allies tried to undermine Germany in such a manner that it could never raise its head again in Europe.

Guided by the feeling of vengeance the Allies made the officials of the Weimar Republic sign the treaty under a threat, refusing which Germany would face an invasion within 5 days.

There was no scope for mutual negotiation in the treaty and it condemned Germany as guilty of making war hence the Treaty of Versailles is known as ‘dictated peace’.

Question 37. Why was the Third International formed?
Answer: The Third International or Comintern was established in Moscow by V.l. Lenin. The Russian Revolution had led to the formation of Communist Parties in many countries and Socialist movements also started taking place across the globe.

So Lenin took up the initiative of uniting these movements and established the Comintern in March 1919 and Zinoviev became its Secretary.

Question 38. What were the economic implications of the? Treaty of Versailles?
Answer:

The economic implications of the? Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was signed between Germany and the Allied Powers on 28th June 1919 and according to the historians, the economic sanctions that were imposed upon Germany based on this treaty were impractical.

Historian Langsam mentioned that as a result of this treaty, the Germans lost 25,000 square miles of land, 7 million lives, 15% of her arable land, 12% of livestock and 10% of heavy industries, and also a very high amount of war indemnity was imposed on her.

This economic burden broke the backbone of Germany which was further aggravated by the evils of unemployment, inflation, and the Great Depression of 1929.

Question 39. Mention any two economic clauses that were imposed upon Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer: The Treaty of Versailles was signed between Germany and the Allied Powers on 28th June 1919.

According to the terms of the treaty –

1. The Allies established their control over 40% of coal, 65% of iron, and almost the entire production of rubber of Germany; and the mineral-rich Saar region of Germany went to the hands of France for 15 years.
2. Germany was also required to pay a huge amount (6600 million dollars) as reparations to cover the damages caused during the war.

Question 40. Mention any two military clauses that were imposed upon Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer: The Treaty of Versailles was signed between Germany and the Allied Powers on 28th June 1919.

According to the military clauses of the treaty –

1. The universal compulsory military service was disbanded and the number of German soldiers was reduced to 100,000.
2. Germany also had to surrender its fleet to the Allies.

Question 41. Why did Woodrow Wilson announce his famous ‘Fourteen Points’?
Answer: US President Woodrow Wilson announced his famous ‘Fourteen Points’ on 8th January 1918.

He announced this to—

1. Establish permanent peace in the world
2. Make impartial decisions about the colonies and there must be a reduction in the number of armaments by the countries,
3. Support every nation’s right to self-determination
4. Set up an international organization to resolve disputes and conflicts among the nations through discussions.

Question 42. What were the organs of the League of Nations?
Answer: The League Covenant was adopted on 28th April in 1919.

The different organizations of the League were

1. The League Assembly
2. The League Council
3. The League Secretariat
4. The Permanent Court of International Justice
5. The International Labour Organization.

Question 43. Who were the permanent members of the League of Nations?
Answer: The US President, Woodrow Wilson played an important role in the formation of the League of Nations and its headquarters was at Geneva, Switzerland.

At the time of its formation England, France, Italy, and Japan were its permanent members. Later, Russia and Germany too became permanent members of the League.

Class 9 History Chapter 5 Europe In 20th Century SAQs PDF Weimar Republic

Question 44. What was the Weimar Republic?
Answer:

In 1918, Kaiser William II of Germany was dethroned following an uprising, and on 11th November 1918 Germany’s surrender ended the First World War.

Berlin the capital of Germany became a center of protests by the industrialists, the intellectuals, and the common people and as a result, the republican constitution was drafted in the nearby village called Weimar. The new republican government also started functioning from Weimar and hence it came to be known as the Weimar Republic.

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Question 45. What do you know of the Locarno Treaties?
Answer:

Locarno Treaties

In October 1925 the representatives of seven countries of Europe namely England, France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, Italy, and Czechoslovakia met at Locarno in Switzerland to negotiate seven agreements.

The Locarno Pact or Locarno treaties guaranteed Germany’s western frontier which was regarded as unchallengeable by the bordering states like France, Belgium, and others.

The Locarno Treaties divided the borders of Europe into two

1. The western one that was guaranteed by Locarno treaties
2. The eastern borders of Germany with Poland were open for revision.

Question 46. What was the Great Depression of 1929?
Answer:

The Great Depression of 1929

The Great Depression of October 1929 was a worldwide phenomenon that began in the United States and affected the global economy. This great economic crisis started with the crash of the US share market or The Wall Street Exchange when the US was unable to recover its debts.

There was a major recession which resulted in the closure of factories, bankruptcy, unemployment issues, and a plethora of other allied economic problems leading to a global financial decline.

Question 47. What was the New Deal policy?
Answer:

The New Deal policy

In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt the Democratic Party candidate of the USA won the Presidential election and immediately after assuming power, he enacted several financial reforms, public work programs and projects, and regulations to recover from the Great Depression.

This series of reforms and programs that Roosevelt made in the United States between 1933 and 1939 was known as the New Deal Policy.

Question 48. What was Fascism and who were known as the Fascists?
Answer:

Fascism

The early 20th Century saw the growth of an extreme rightist authoritarian power as opposed to the concepts of individualism, democracy, and socialism.

This way of concentration of power in a single person, forcible suppression of opposition, and rigidity of the economy and society was known as Fascism.

The followers of Benito Mussolini in Italy were known as the Fascists. Mussolini formed his party ‘fascist di Combattimento’ in 1919 and propagated new political ideas of antiauthoritarianism.

Question 49. Who were known as the ‘Black Shirts’?
Answer:

Black Shirts

On 23rd March 1919, Benito Mussolini formed his Fascist Party with 118 jobless soldiers in Italy. Mussolini transformed these jobless soldiers and the unemployed youths into a disciplined and well-equipped paramilitary force. These volunteers wore black outfits and were known as the ‘Black Shirts’.

Question 50. Who wrote Mein Kampf and why was it famous?
Answer: The 782-page book, Mein Kampf was the autobiography of Adolf Hitler which he wrote while he was in prison. Mein Kampf meant My Struggle.

This book was considered as the manifesto of the Nazi Party since it described in detail the ideals and program of the Party. Published in 1925 it sold around 500,000 copies within 5 years and was also regarded as the ‘Bible of the Nazis’.

Question 51. Mention about any two branches of the Nazi Party.
Answer:

Two branches of the Nazi Party

The National Socialist Party or the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler had several branches.

1. One branch of the Nazi Party was called the Storm-Troopers who were the paramilitary squad and who used to guard the Nazi meetings and rallies and disturbed the meetings of other parties.
2. Another group was called the Elite Groups who were higher in position than the Storm Troopers and had the responsibilities to guard and protect the leaders and if needed courted death bravely.

Question 52. Who were known as the ‘Brown Shirts’?
Answer:

Brown Shirts

1. The Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler had several branches. The Storm Troopers were one such branch of the Nazi Party that constituted the paramilitary squad with unemployed youths and were entrusted with the task of guarding Nazi rallies and meetings and disrupting meetings of other parties.
2. These Storm Troopers wore brown outfits and were known as the ‘Brown Shirts’.

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Question 53. What was the ‘Herrenvolk Theory’ of Hitler?
Answer:

Herrenvolk’s Theory’ of Hitler

Adolf Hitler the leader of the Nazi Party was obsessed with racial purity and used the word Aryan to describe the pure German race or Herrenvolk and hence the ‘Herrenvolk Theory’.

To Hitler and his followers, Non-Aryans were considered evil or impure. He further believed that the Non-Aryans particularly the Jews were a threat to the Germans the pure Aryans.

Question 54. What do you know about the Spanish Civil War of 1936?
Answer:

Spanish Civil War of 1936

In 1936 a military revolt under the leadership of General Franco was launched against the Republican Government or the Popular Front Government in Spain.

As the military coup failed to achieve control of the whole country a bloody civil war followed. The Nationalists or the rebels received support from Italy and Germany and in 1939, General Franco emerged victorious in the Civil War.

Question 55. What was the significance of the Spanish Civil War (19S6 to 1939)?
Answer:

The significance of the Spanish Civil War (19S6 to 1939)

The Spanish Civil War witnessed the success of the Fascist forces which enabled General Franco to emerge victorious destroying the Republican government in Spain.

This event made the other statesmen across the world, especially the Indian leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru aware of the dangers of Fascism. The Spanish Civil War also gave Hitler the opportunity to try out his war planes and weapons and hence this war is regarded as the ‘dress rehearsal for the Second World War’.