Chapter 15 Sentences Simple Complex Compound
Sentences are divided into three classes according to their structure:
- Simple
- Complex
- Compound
Chapter 15 Sentences Simple Complex Compound Simple Sentence
A Simple Sentence is one that contains only one subject and one finite verb, expressed or understood.
It may have qualifying words, objects, etc. for the Subject and the Verb. also.
But the main thing is that it has only one subject and one finite verb.
(Simple Sentence-এ মাত্র একটি Subject ও একটি Finite verb থাকে। অবশ্য subject এবং verb-এর qualifying words, objects ইত্যাদি থাকতে পারে। কিন্তু মূল জিনিস finite verb মাত্র একটি ও subject মাত্র একটি।)
Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 9 English Functional Grammar
Note the subject words and the verbs given in italics in the following sentences:
I came.
I came home.
I came home yesterday.
The good boy obeys his parents.
Barking dogs seldom bite
Chapter 15 Sentences Simple Complex Compound-Complex Sentence
A Complex Sentence is one that contains one Principal clause with one or more Subordinate clauses.
The number of clauses will be the same as the number of finite verbs in the sentence.
(Complex Sentence-এ মাত্র একটি Principal clause ও এক বা একাধিক Subordiate clauses থাকে। মনে রেখো যতটি finite verbs ততটি clauses).
In the following examples, the clauses in italics are Principal:
I know when he will come.
This is the place where he was born.
As you are rich, you must help those who are poor.
Sentences are divided into three classes according to their structure:
Simple
Complex
Compound
The third sentence has three finite verbs (gave, was, have lost); so it has three clauses: [ তৃতীয় বাক্যে তিনটি finite verbs gave, was, have lost ); সুতরাং তিনটি clauses].
The book was a good one- The principal clause
I have lost it Principal clause
which you gave me – Subordinate Adj. clause, qualifying “book”.
The Subject or the Finite verb is often understood in some sentences.
In dividing into clauses they have to be supplied:
(অনেক সময় subject অথবা finite verb উহ্য থাকে। Clause-ভাগ করবার সময় তা বসিয়ে নিতে হয়): He came but has gone away.
He or his brother is guilty.
The first sentence has two finite verbs (came, has gone away), but the subject of the second verb (he) is understood. So it is a Compound Sentence.
[ প্রথম বাক্যে finite verbs দুটি (came, has gone away), কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় verb-এর subject “he” উহ্য আছে। সুতরাং এটি Compound Sentence].
In the second sentence, there is only one finite verb (is), but two subjects (He, brother).
In the real sense, the sentence is a short form of the two clauses “He is guilty” and “or his brother is guilty” The words “is guilty” after “He” is understood.
[ দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে মাত্র একটি finite verb (is), কিন্তু subjects (He, brother) দুটি দেওয়া আছে। প্রকৃতপক্ষে sentenceটি “He is guilty” ও “or his brother is guilty”, এই দুটি clause-এর সংক্ষিপ্ত আকার— “He”-র পরে “is guilty” উহ্য আছে। সুতরাং এই বাক্যটিও Compound Sentence].
Chapter 15 Sentences Simple Complex Compound Examples Worked Out
Look at the following examples.
If you go there you will be punished.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses:
If you go there Subordinate Adverbial clause, modifying punished in 2. you will be punished-Principal clause.
Tell me where he lives.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses :
Tell me the Principal clause.
where he lives Subordinate Noun clause, object to tell in.
Help those who are poor.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses:
1. Help those-Principal clauses.
who is poor-Subordinate Adj? clause, qualifying those in 1.
He may be poor, but he is honest.
This is a Compound sentence consisting of the following clauses:
He may be a poor-Principal clause, co-ordinate to 2. he is an honest-Principal clause, co-ordinate to 1. Connective but. As he is already late, I must start at home at once.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses :
As he is already late-Subordinate Adverbial clause, modifying the start in 2.
I must start for home at once-Principal clause.
He said that if I did not obey him, he would punish me.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses :
He said Principal clause. that if I did not obey him-Subordinate Adverbial clause, modifying punishment in he would punish me Subordinate Noun clause, object to said in 1. The girl who did it is my sister.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses :
The girl is my sister-Principal clause. who did it-Subordinate Adjective clause, qualifying sister in 1?
I am poor, but as you are my friend I shall help you.
This is a Compound sentence, consisting of the following clauses:
I am poor-Principal clause, co-ordinate to 3 as you are my friend-Subordinate Adverbial clause, modifying help in 3.
I shall help you-Principal clause, coordinate to 1.
Connective but.
When he was coming to school, he saw that you were playing.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses :
When he was coming to school-Subordinate Adverbial clause, qualifying saw in 2. he saw Principal clause that you were playing-Subordinate Noun clause, object to saw in 2.
This is the man who stole my book.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses :
This is the man-Principal clause. who stole my book Subordinate Adjective Clause, qualifying man in 1. K. He or his father must be there,
This is a Compound sentence, consisting of the following clauses: 1. He (must be there)-Principal clause, coordinate to 2.
2. his father must be there-Principal clause, coordinate to 1. Connective or.
He came to see me when I was in trouble, but when I asked him for help he went away.
This is a Compound (or double) sentence, consisting of the following clauses :
He came to see me-Principal clause, coordinate to 4.
when I was in trouble-Subordinate Adverbial clause, modifying came in 1. 3. when I asked… help-Subordinate Adverbial clause, modifying went in 4.
he went away-Principal clause, co-ordinate to 1.
Connective but.
The other day I saw a man who had lost his cow which he had bought the previous day.
This is a Complex sentence, consisting of the following clauses:
The other…. a man-Principal clause.
who had lost his cow-Subordinate Adjective clause, qualifying man in 1.
which he …. day-Subordinate Adjective clause, qualifying cow in 2.