WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 English Functional Grammar Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences

The Transformation of Sentences consists in changing a sentence from one form to another without any change of meaning (কোন sentence-এর অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ বজায় রেখে তার রূপ বা form পরিবর্তন করা যায়। একে Transformation of Sentence বলে).

The two important examples, viz, the Interchange of Active and Passive Voices, and of Direct and Indirect Narration, are given elsewhere. A few other examples are given here.

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Interchange of Affirmative and Negative Sentences

Affirmative sentences can be transformed into Negative sentences in the following ways.:

By putting a negative prefix or a word having the opposite meaning (Antonym) after a negative word like “no”, “not”, “never”, etc. – বসিয়ে) :

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Affirmative

• He is a bad boy.
• He is sometimes lazy.
• Your answer is right.
• This information is true.
• He is rich.
• The knife is blunt.
• I shall always remember you.
• This is possible.
• He always minds his lessons.
• Everybody will admit it.
• I was doubtful if he would come.
• All must die.
• I came here for the first time.
• He is competent for the post.
• Man is mortal.
• By using Double Negatives

Negative

• He is not a good boy.
• He is not always active.
• Your answer is not wrong.
• This information is not false.
• He is not poor.
• The knife is not sharp.
• I shall never forget you.
• This is not impossible.
• He never neglects his lessons.
• Nobody will deny it.
• I was not sure that he would come.
• No one can escape death.
• I did not come here before.
• He is not incompetent in the post.
• Man is not immortal.

Affirmative

• I know his name.
• He loves you.
• I am hopeful.
• He tried all plan.
• Everyone present cheered.
• He saw you.
• He wanted to fight.
• We finished everything.

Negative

• It is not that I do not know his name.
• He is not without love for you.”
• I am not without hope.
• He left no plan untried.
• There was no one present who did not cheer.
• He did not fail to see you.
• He did not want not to fight.
• We left nothing unfinished.
• Removing or using ‘too’:

Affirmative

• He is too weak to carry this bag.
• They are so good that they would help others.

Negative

• He is so weak that he cannot carry this bag.
• They are too good not to help others.
• By Interchanging Degrees of Comparison:

Affirmative

• He is as strong as you.
• Partha is the best boy in the class.

Negative

• You are not stronger than he.
• No other boy in the class is as good as Partha.
• He is not as intelligent as you.
• You are more intelligent than he.
• By the use of ‘No sooner…….. than’:

Affirmative

• As soon as he saw me he began to weep.

Negative

• No sooner did he see me than he began to weep.
• By the use of the words ‘none’, but’, etc.

Affirmative

• Only students are allowed to enter the hall.
• He must yield to necessity.
• You are the only person fit for the post.
• You must attend the meeting.

Negative

• None but the students are allowed to enter the hall.
• He cannot but yield to necessity.
• No other person but you is fit for the post.
• You cannot but attend the meeting.

Miscellaneous:

Affirmative

• It is often difficult to speak the truth.
• Every rose has a thorn.
• It always pours when it rains.
• All must submit to destiny.
• I like only sweets.

Negative

• It is not always easy to speak the truth. There is no rose without a throne.
• It never rains but it pours.
• No one can escape destiny.
• I like nothing but sweets.
• In converting Negatives into Affirmative, we reverse the procedure.

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Interchange Of Assertive And Exclamatory Sentences

Exclamatory

• If I knew this before!
• What a charming scenery!
• Hurrah! My friend is coming.
• How beautiful the picture is!

Assertive

• I wish I knew this before.
• The scenery is very charming. I rejoice that my friend is coming. The picture is very beautiful.

Exclamatory

• How fast he runs!
• Alas! What a bad news.
• What a dangerous thing a little learning is!
• What an unhappy life he leads!

Assertive

• He runs very fast.
• It is very bad news.
• A little learning is a very dangerous thing.
• He leads a most unhappy life.

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Interchange Of Interrogative And Assertive Sentences

Some questions anticipate the answers that are to be given to them. “In such interrogatives, when the question is affirmative, a negative answer is implied; and when the question is negative, an affirmative answer is implied.”

[ কোন কোন প্রশ্ন এমনভাবে করা হয় যে তার উত্তর কি হবে সহজেই অনুমান করতে পারা যায়। এইসব ক্ষেত্রে হ্যাঁ-জ্ঞাপক (affirmative) প্রশ্নের না জ্ঞাপক (negative) উত্তর এবং না- জ্ঞাপক (negative) প্রশ্নের হ্যাঁ- জ্ঞাপক (affirmative) উত্তর-ই স্বাভাবিকভাবে বোঝায়। ]

Interrogative

• Is he not a great fool?
• Who does not know him?
• Are you not ashamed of your conduct?
• Shall I ever forget such a good friend?
• Why waste time?
• Are not the beauties of Nature beyond description?
• What is the use of this statue?
• Is that the way you should behave?
• Can I ever repay your kindness?

Assertive

• I can never forget you.
• No one can do this.
• Their glory can never fade.
• There is no hope for me if you do not come.
• It does not matter if I fall.
• Nowhere in the world, you fill find a mountain peak higher than Everest.

Assertive

• He is a great fool.
• Everybody knows him.
• Surely, you are ashamed of your conduct.
• I shall never forget such a good friend.
• It is no use wasting time.
• The beauties of Nature are beyond description.
• There is no use for this statue.
• That is not the way you should behave.
• I can never repay your kindness.

Interrogative

• Can I ever forget you? Can anyone do this?
• Can their glory ever fade?
• What hope for me if you do not come?
• What though I fail? or, What does it matter if I fail?
• Where in the world will you find a mountain peak higher than Everest?

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Interchange of Degrees of Comparison

1. Positive He is ferocious as a tiger.

Comparative – A tiger is not more ferocious than he.

2. Positive-Amal is not as tall as Bimal.

Comparative Bimal is taller than Amal.

3. Positive-He is as intimate to me as to you.

Comparative – He is not more intimate to you than to me.

4. Superlative – He is the best boy in the class.

Comparative He is better than any other boy (or, all other boys) in the class. Positive – No other boy in the class is as good as he.

5. Superlative

Iron is the most useful of all metals.

Comparative Iron is more useful than any other metal. (or, all other metals). Positive – No other metal is so useful as Iron.

6. Superlative Gold is one of the most precious metals.

Comparative Gold is more precious than most other metals.
Positive Very few metals are as precious as gold.

7. Superlative

This is one of the easiest subjects. Comparative This is easier than most other subjects. Superlative – Very few subjects are so easy as this.

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Interchange Of Parts Of Speech

In the following sentences, see how Nouns have been used for the italicized words:

• They differ from each other.
• He replied quickly.
• It is not likely that he will fail.
• The way to live long is to keep regular habits.
• The journey was not expensive.
• He fought bravely.
• This cost ten rupees.
• Though poor, he was honest.
• He is strong enough to do it.
• There is a difference between them.
• He gave a quick reply.
• ‘There is no likelihood of his failure. The way to a long life is the keeping of regular habits.
• The journey did not require much expense. He put up a brave fight.
• The cost of this was ten rupees.
• In spite of his poverty, he was honest. He has enough strength to do it.

In the following sentences, see how Adverbs have been used for the italicized words on the left :

• His action was both prompt and wise.
• He treated me with scorn. It is unfortunate that he failed.
• He agreed to the proposal with joy.
• I go there every day.
• There is no doubt that he is guilty.
• He acted both promptly and wisely.
• He treated me scornfully. Unfortunately, he failed.
• He agreed to the proposal joyfully. I go there daily.
• Undoubtedly he is guilty.

In the following sentences, see how Verbs have been used for the italicized words on the left:

• He gave a prompt answer.
• He had a happy life.
• What will be the cost?
• His movement was very careful.
• I cannot agree to your proposal.
• His failure is a great disappointment to me.
• He answered promptly.
• He lived happily.
• How much will it cost?
• He moved carefully.
• I cannot agree to what you propose. That he has failed has disappointed me greatly.
• They had their dinner before your arrival. They had dined before you arrived. His dress was poor.
• I was surprised at his refusal to do the work.
• He was poorly dressed.
• I was surprised that he had refused to do the work.

In the following sentences, see how Adjectives have been used for the italicized words on the left:

• I examined him carefully.
• He received me coldly.
• They differ much from each other. He had no politeness in him.
  I did not hurt your feelings intentionally.
• I was careful in examining him.
• He gave me a cold reception.
• They are much different from each other. He is impolite.
• My hurting your feelings was not intentional.

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Interchange Of Simple, Complex, and Compound Sentences Simple Into Complex

Simple sentences can be converted to Complex ones by expanding words or phrases into. subordinate clauses.

(Simple sentence-word phrase- subordinate clause-Simple sentence-Complex sentence- Subordinate claus Noun, Adjective Adverb clause হতে পারে।) .

Noun Clause

1. Simple: I know his name.
   Complex: I know what his name is.
2. Simple: He came at 5 p.m.
   Complex: It was 5 p.m. when he came.
3. Simple: He will certainly go.
   Complex: It is certain that he will go.
4. Simple: I desire to go.
   Complex: I desire that I should go.
5. Simple: You may criticize my action.
   Complex: You may criticize what I do.
6. Simple: He hoped to win the prize.
   Complex: He hoped that he would win the prize.

Adjective Clause

1. Simple: He is the last man to do it.
   Complex: He is the last man that would do it.
2. Simple: He is a rich man.
   Complex: He is a man who is rich.
3. Simple: I follow my father’s example.
   Complex: I follow the example which was set by my father.
4. Simple: Alexander, King of Macedon, invaded India.
   Complex: Alexander who was the King of Macedon invaded India.
5. Simple: I have no money to spare.
   Complex: I have no money that I can spare.
6. Simple: Our present house suits us.
   Complex: The house in which we live at present suits us.
7. Simple: I desire to go.
   Complex: I know what his name is.

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Complex Into Simple

Complex sentences can be converted to Simple sentences by changing the Subordinate clause into a phrase or a word:

(Complex sentence কে Simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Subordinate clause-কে একটি phrase বা word-এ পরিণত করতে হয়। )

Noun Clause

1. Complex: I know what his intention is.
   Simple: I know his intention
2. Complex: Tell me where he lives.
   Simple: Tell me his address
3. Complex: He wants that I should go.
   Simple: He wants me to go.
4. Complex: That he is honest is known to all.
   Simple: His honesty is known to all.

Adjective Clause

1. Complex: He was the last man who went there.
   Simple: He was the last man to go there.
2. Complex: 1 have a story which I want to tell you.
   Simple: I have a story to tell you
3. Complex: Only those boys who will work hard will succeed.
   Simple: Only hard-working boys will succeed.
4. Complex: We must love those; who live near us.
   Simple: We must love our neighbor’s poet.

Adverb clause

1. Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
   Simple: He is too weak to walk.
2. Complex: He left after I had come.
   Simple: He left after my arrival comes.
3. Complex: He was glad when h – heard this.
   Simple: He was glad to hear this.
4. Complex: As I am ill, I cannot go.
   Simple: I cannot go on account of my illness.
5. Complex: As soon as he went, there, he got the news.
   Simple: He got the news immediately after going there.

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Simple Into Compound

Simple sentences can be converted to Compound sentences by changing the word or phrase into a Co-ordinate clause:

(Simple Sentence-এর একটি finite verb থাকে কিন্তু Compound sentence-এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause থাকে এবং সেইজন্য তাতে একাধিক finite verbও থাকে। Simple sentence-এর word বা phrase-কে একটি Co-ordinate clause-এ পরিণত করে তাকে Compound sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করা যায়।)

1. Simple: Coming home, he began to work.
   Compound: He came home and began to work.
2. Simple: He ran away to escape arrest.
   Compound: He ran away and thus escaped arrest.
3. Simple: Hecotdd does not come on account of illness.
   Compound: He was ill, so he could not come
4. Simple In spite of his wealth he is unhappy.
   Complex: He is wealthy but (or yet) he is unhappy
5. Simple: He is both tall and strong.
   Compound: He is not only tall but also strong.
6. Simple: You must work hard to succeed.
   Compound: You must work hard, or you will fail

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Compound To Complex And Simple

Compound sentences can be converted to Simple sentences by keeping only one Principal clause unchanged and turning the other Coordinate clauses into a phrase or a word.

(Compound sentence-কে Simple sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হলে তার মাত্র একটি finite verb বাদে অর্থাৎ একটি মাত্র Principal clause ঠিক রেখে অন্যান্য Co-ordinate clause – গুলিকে একটি phrase বা word-এ পরিণত করতে হবে।)

Compound sentences can be converted to Complex sentences by retaining only one clause as the Principal clause and changing the other clauses into subordinate clauses (noun, adjective, adverbial).

1. Compound: He was poor but he was honest.
   Complex: Though he was poor, he was honest.
2. Simple: In spite of. his poverty, he was honest.
3. Compound: Go there, or you will be fined.
   
4. Complex: Unless you go there (or If you do not go there) you will be fined.
   Simple: You must go there on the pain of a fine. You must go there to escape being fined
   
5. Compound: He was ill; therefore he could not come.
   Complex: He could not come because he was ill.
   Simple: He could not come because of (or, on account of) his illness.
6. Compound: He wanted to see you, and so he came home.
   Complex: He came home in order that he might see you.
   Simple: He came home to see you

Chapter 16 Transformation Of Sentences Complex To Compound

A Complex sentence can be converted to a Compound sentence by changing at least one of its Subordinate clauses into a Principal clause. As :

(Complex sentence-এর subordinate clause-গুলির অন্তত একটিকে Principal clause-এ পরিবর্তিত করে Complex sentence-কে Compound sentence- এ রূপান্তরিত করা যায়। )

1. Complex: He is honest though he is poor.
   Compound: He is poor, but (or yet) he is honest.
2. Complex: As he was ill, he could not come.
   Compound: He was ill, therefore he could not come.
3. Complex: The enemy fled as soon as they saw us.
   Compound: The enemy saw us and fled at once.
4. Complex: I am glad that you have come.
   Compound: You have come, and I am glad of it.