Chapter 19 Synthesis Or Joining Of Sentences
Joining or Synthesis (=putting together) means the combination of a number of sentences into one new sentence-simple, complex, or compound.
The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence:-
By using a Participle:
1. He saw me come. He ran away.-Seeing me come, he ran away.
2. He was tired. He rested for a while-Being tired, he rested for a while.
3. The ancient Britons had long been disused to war. They were easily defeated by the Saxons. Having been long disused to war, the ancient Britons were easily defeated by the Saxons.
4. The workmen saw the approach of a violent dust storm. They took shelter in a hut- Seeing the approach of a violent dust storm, the workmen took shelter in a hut.
5. The hunter feared the lion. So, he climbed up a tree. Fearing the lion, the hunter climbed up a tree.
Read And Learn More WBBSE Class 9 English Functional Grammar
6. They were tired of the long journey. They went to a nearby hotel for rest.-Being tired (Tired) of the long journey, they went to a nearby hotel for rest.
7. We were utterly exhausted. We fainted on the ground. Utterly exhausted, we fainted on the ground.
8. The Prime Minister addressed the meeting. He asked for everybody’s cooperation.
The Prime Minister addressed the meeting asking for everybody’s cooperation:
By using an Infinitive:
1. He has many sons. He has to educate them. He has many sons to educate.
2. He is very weak. He cannot walk. He is too weak to walk.
3. Srila is going home. She is going there to see her mother. Srila is going home to see her mother.
4. Everyone should be honest. Our country expects it. Our country expects everyone to be honest.
5. We shall remove the bench. That will make room for more people. We shall remove the bench to make room for more people.
6. I have bought some oranges. Their taste is sweet.-The oranges I have bought are sweet to taste.
7. Some more meetings will be held. I shall attend them I have more meetings to attend (that will be held).
8. She is very ill. She cannot bear the strain of a long journey-She is too ill to bear the strain of a long journey.
9. I was overwhelmed with joy. I could not utter a single word-I was too overwhelmed with joy to utter a single word.
By using an Adverb or an Adverbial phrase
1. He failed. It was unfortunate. Unfortunately, he failed
2. He returned home. It was an evening at the time. He returned home in the evening.
3. He went there once more. His going did not produce any result. He went there once more but with no result.
4. The Germans were proud. This ruined them.-The Germans were ruined because of their pride.
5. He was demoralized. His demoralization was total. He was totally demoralized.
6. He has no patience. So, he failed. He failed for want of patience.
7. The letter came. It was most unexpected. Most unexpectedly, the letter came.
By using an Absolute Phrase:
1. The sunset. We began our march. The sun had set we began our march.
2. The dinner was over. We left the place.-Dinner (being) over, we left the place.
3. The match was over. They left for home. The match (being) over, they left for home.
4. The sun rose. The fog disappeared. The General was determined to delay no longer.
He gave orders to soldiers to march forward. The fog having disappeared at sunrise the General, determined not to delay any longer, gave order to soldiers to march forward.
5. The teacher was absent. So, there was no English class today. The teacher was absent, and there was no English class today.
6. God may will. We shall then have a prosperous year.-God willing, we shall have a prosperous year.
7. Weather may permit. We shall have a big party outside.-Weather permitting, we shall have a big party outside.
By using a Noun or a Phrase in Apposition:
1. Akbar was the Emperor of India.
He was one of the greatest kings of his time.- Akbar, the Emperor of India, was one of the greatest kings of his time.
2. Delhi was once the capital of India. It has regained the honour.-Delhi, once the capital of India, has regained the honor.
3. Sunil Gavaskar broke many records. He was the captain of the Indian Cricket team.- Sunil Gavaskar, the former captain of the Indian Cricket team, broke many records.
4. Gargi is my sister. She is now in England.-Gargi, my sister, is now in England.
5. Mr Dutta is my neighbor. He is a Professor in Botany.-Mr Dutta, my neighbor, is a Professor in Botany.
By using a Preposition with a Noun or a Gerund:
1. He came. You had already left.-He came after your departure.
2. He worked very hard. He did not sleep-He worked very hard without sleeping.
3. I helped him with money. This proved my love for him.-I proved my love for him by helping him with money.
4. He wrote for five hours. Then he took some rest. After writing for five hours, he took some rest.
5. They went by bus. At last, they could reach the station. They could reach the station at last by going there by bus.
6. The boy stood on the deck for hours. He did not move. He did not speak-The boy stood on the deck for hours without moving or speaking.
7. He gave up his claim. He won everybody’s respect. He won everybody’s respect by giving. up his claim.
8. I have just retired. I served for 30 years. After serving for thirty years, I have just retired.
Conversion of two or more Simple sentences into a Single Complex Sentence.
Two or more Simple Sentences may be combined into a Single Complex Sentence in any of the following ways:
By using a Noun Clause :
1. He is ill. It is known to all-That he is ill is known to all. Or, It is known to all that he is ill.
2. He has come. We know it. We know that he has come.
3. He did it. I do not know how. It is true. It is true that I do not know how he did it.
4. They live in some place. We do not know it.-We do not know where they live.
5. Is there anything in the box? I only want to know it. I only want to know if there is anything in the box.
6. You are an idiot. That complicates the issue. That you are an idiot complicates the issue.
7. He is laughing. Nobody knows the reason. Nobody knows (the reason) why he is laughing.
8. The boy will pass. He will pass with distinction. Everybody knows it-Everybody knows that the boy will pass with distinction. Or, That the boy will pass with distinction is known to everybody.
By using an Adjective Clause:
1. This is the girl. She stood first in the examination. This is the girl who stood first in the examination.
2. I have lost the book. You gave it to me. I have lost the book you gave me.
3. There were a few boys there. One of them threw stones at the dog. It had entered the garden-One of the boys who were there threw stones at the dog that had entered the garden.
4. The postman knocked at the door. The postman came with letters.-The postman who knocked at the door came with some letters.
5. We have a noble heritage. We cannot indulge in violence. We who have a noble heritage cannot indulge in violence.
6. Rabindranath was born in Jorasanko. It is in Calcutta.-Rabindranath was born at Jorasanko which is in Calcutta.
7. The food was very good. It was cooked by my sister.-The food which / that was cooked by my sister was very good.
8. A writer should write clearly.
You must acquire the command.-You must acquire the command of clarity that a writer must have.
By using an Adverbial clause:
1. You are pardoned. You have confessed your crime.-As you have confessed your crime. you are pardoned.
2. I may grant you your prayer. You shall have to ask for it. I may grant you your .ver if you ask for it.
3. He is rich. I was in difficulty. He did not help me.-Though he is rich, he did not help me when I was in difficulty.
4. He could lend me the money. I was in great distress. I asked him for money. He did not lend me any. As I was in great distress, I asked him for money which he could lend but declined.
5. The storm broke out in the evening. We lost our way in the jungle. We lost our way in the jungle in the evening when the storm broke out.
6. She worked overtime. She intended to complete the job before December-She worked overtime in order to complete the job before December.
7. We shall reach the meeting place. Thereafter the meeting will start. We shall reach the meeting place before the meeting starts. Or, The meeting will start after our arrival there. 8. Bintu is competent. You are competent.-You are as competent as Bintu.
Conversion of Several Simple Sentences to a Compound Sentence.
Several Simple Sentences may be converted to Compound Sentences with the help of Co-ordinating conjunctions in the following ways:
1. Amal reads in this school. Barun reads in this school-Amal and Barun read in this school.
2. He is poor. He is honest. He is poor but (yet, still) he is honest.
3. You must read. You will fail. You must read, otherwise, you will fail.
4. Run fast, you will miss the bus.-Run fast or you will miss the bus.
5. He was not sincere. He could not succeed. He was not sincere, so (consequently) he could not succeed.
6. He passed. His brother failed. He passed while (whereas) his brother failed.
7. You are guilty. I pardon you this time. You are guilty; however, I pardon you this time. 8. I do not like him. He is a wicked boy. I do not like him, for he is a wicked boy.