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WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Idea Of Nationalism Answer In A Single Sentence Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte was born on 15th August 1769.

Question 2. Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte was born in a place called Ajaccio on the Mediterranean island of Corsica.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Very Short Answer Questions

Question 3. Who were the parents of Napoleon Bonaparte?
Answer: Charles Bonaparte and Letizia Ramolino were the parents of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 4. Who regained the Toulon Harbour from the British?
Answer: In 1793, Napoleon Bonaparte regained the Toulon Harbour from the British by launching a sudden attack.

Question 5. Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte was a French Emperor.

Question 6. When did Napoleon Bonaparte become the Emperor of France?
Answer: In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte became the Emperor of France.

Question 7. Who wrote the book, ‘War and Peace’?
Answer: Leo Tolstoy wrote the book, ‘War and Peace’.

Question 8. Who wrote the Constitution of the Consulate?
Answer: Abbey Sieyes wrote the Constitution of the Consulate.

Question 9. Which ideal of the French Revolution was rejected by Napoleon?
Answer: Napoleon rejected ‘Liberty’, which was one of the major ideals of the French Revolution.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 10. What was the period of the Rule of Directory in France?
Answer: The Directory ruled France from 2ni November 1795 to 10th November 1799.

Question 11. When did Napoleon put an end to the rule of the Directory?
Answer: On 10th November 1799, Napoleon put an end to the rule of the Directory in France.

Question 12. In which year Napoleon established himself as the Consulate of France?
Answer: In November 1799, Napoleon established himself as the Consulate of France.

Question 13. Between whom was the Treaty of Campo-Formio concluded?
Answer: The Treaty of Campo-Formio was concluded between Austrian King Francis II and Napoleon Bonaparte of France.

Question 14. When was the First Coalition against France formed?
Answer: The First Coalition against France was formed in 1793.

Question 15. When and by whom was the Second Coalition against France formed?
Answer: In 1799 the Second Coalition against France was formed by England, Austria, Russia, and Turkey.

Question 16. When was Napoleon made the Consul for life?
Answer: In 1802, Napoleon was made the Consul for life.

Question 17. When did the ‘Civil Code’ come to be known as the’ Code Napoleon’?
Answer: In 1807, the ‘ Civil Code’ came to be known as the ‘Code Napoleon’.

Question 18. When and between whom was the Treaty of Luneville signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Luneville was signed between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II in February 1801.

Question 19. What is regarded as the Bible of the French Society?
Answer: Code Napoleon is regarded as the Bible of the French Society.

Question 20. Who has described Code Napoleon as the Bible of the French Society?
Answer: Historian Lefebvre had described Code Napoleon as the Bible of the French Society.

Question 21. How many articles were there in Code Napoleon?
Answer: Code Napoleon had 2287 articles.

Question 22. When was the Bank of France founded?
Answer: The Bank of France was founded in 1800.

Question 23. Who defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile?
Answer: Admiral Nelson of the British Navy defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile.

Question 24. Why was Napoleon called Justinian II?
Answer: Napoleon was called Justinian II because of his remarkable achievement with the legal reforms or Code Napoleon.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 25. When and between whom was the Battle of the Nile fought?
Answer: In 1798, the Battle of the Nile was fought between England and Napoleon.

Question 26. What were the different parts into which Code Napoleon was divided?
Answer: Code Napoleon was divided into five parts namely—Civil Code, Penal Code, Criminal Code, Commercial Code, and other codes.

Question 27. When did the Battle of Trafalgar take place?
Answer: The Battle of Trafalgar took place in 1805.

Question 28. Who called England, ‘The Nation of Shopkeepers’?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte called England, ‘The Nation of Shopkeepers’.

Question 29. When was the Continental System Introduced?
Answer: The Continental System was introduced in 1806.

Question 30. When did Napoleon issue the Milan Decree?
Answer: The Milan Decree was issued by Napoleon in 1807.

Question 31. When did Napoleon issue the Berlin Decree?
Answer: The Berlin Decree was issued by Napoleon in 1806.

Question 32. When was the Third European Coalition formed?
Answer: The Third European Coalition was formed in 1805.

Question 33. When was the Fourth European Coalition formed?
Answer: The Fourth European Coalition was formed in 1813.

Question 34. When was Code Napoleon introduced in Germany?
Answer: Code Napoleon was introduced in Germany in 1810.

Question 35. When did Napoleon occupy Portugal?
Answer: Napoleon occupied Portugal in 1807.

Question 36. What was Napoleon’s Army known as?
Answer: Napoleon’s Army was known as the Grand Army.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 37. What symbol was there on the flag of Napoleon?
Answer: The symbol of an eagle was there on Napoleon’s flag.

Question 38. Which country adopted the ‘Scorched Earth’ policy?
Answer: Russia adopted the ‘Scorched Earth’ policy.

Question 39. How many nations take part in the Battle of Leipzig?
Answer: Thirteen nations took part in the Battle of Leipzig.

Question 40. When did the Battle of Waterloo take place?
Answer: In 1815, the Battle of Waterloo took place.

Question 41. Which battle sealed the fate of Napoleon?
Answer: The Battle of Waterloo sealed the fate of Napoleon.

Question 42. Name the English General who defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo.
Answer: Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 43. What came to be regarded as the Swiss Confederation?
Answer: The Helvetic Republic of Switzerland came to be regarded as the Swiss Confederation in the future.

Question 44. Who was the Prussian General in the Battle of Waterloo?
Answer: Blucher was the Prussian General in the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 45. Mention the dates for the ‘Hundred Days Rule’ of Napoleon.
Answer: From 20,h March 1815 to 29th June 1815 was the period for the ‘Hundred Days Rule’ of Napoleon.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 46. When was Napoleon exiled to St.Elba?
Answer: In 1814, Napoleon was exiled to St. Elba.

Question 47. When was the University of France founded?
Answer: The University of France was founded in 1808.

Question 48. Who founded the Louvre Museum?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte founded the Louvre Museum.

Question 49. Where was Napoleon banished after the Battle of Waterloo?
Answer: After Napoleon’s defeat in the Battle of Waterloo in August 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the island of St. Helena.

Question 50. Where was St. Helena located?
Answer: The island of St. Helena was located 5,000 miles away from France in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Answer In A Single Sentence Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Who was the President of the Vienna Congress (1815)?
Answer: The Chancellor of Austria Prince Klemens von Metternich was the President of the Vienna Congress. (1815)

Question 2. What is the meaning of the word nation in Latin?
Answer: In Latin, the word nation means a tribe or a race.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Very Short Answer Questions

Question 3. Which European nation did not take part in the Vienna Congress(1815)?
Answer: Turkey was the only European nation that did not take part in the Vienna Congress (1815).

Question 4. Who represented France at the Vienna Conference (1815 )?
Answer: Talleyrand represented France at the Vienna Conference (1815).

Question 5. When and where was the first international conference of the world to take place?
Answer: The first international conference of the world took place in Vienna in 1815.

Question 6. Who were the “Big Four “of the Vienna Congress?
Answer: The four countries that played an important role in bringing about the downfall of Napoleon were known as the “Big Four”.

Question 7. What were the three basic principles adopted at the Vienna Conference?
Answer: The three basic principles adopted at the Vienna Conference in 1815 were

1. The Principle of Legitimacy
2. The Principle of Compensation
3. The Principle Of Balance of Power.

Question 8. Who was made the monarch of France following the Principle of Legitimacy?
Answer: Following the Principle of Legitimacy, Louis XVIII, of the Bourbon dynasty was made the monarch of France.

Question 9. When was the Bourbon monarchy restored in France?
Answer: In 1815, the Bourbon monarchy was restored in France.

Question 10. What are the lofty ideals of the French Revolution?
Answer: The lofty ideals of the French Revolution were liberalism, nationalism, and democracy.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 11. Name the countries that formed the Concert of Europe.
Answer: Austria, Russia, Prussia, and England were the members of the Concert of Europe.

Question 12. Which period is regarded as the Age of Metternich?
Answer: The period between 1815 to 1848 is regarded as the Age of Metternich.

Question 13. Who was known as the “Prince of Diplomacy”?
Answer: Prince Klemens von Metternich, the ” Chancellor ” of Austria was known as the ” Prince Of Diplomacy”.

Question 14. To which dynasty did the French Emperor, Louis Philippe belong?
Answer: Louis Philippe, the French Emperor belonged to the Orleans Dynasty.

Question 15. When was Napoleon and his empire overthrown?
Answer: Napoleon and his empire were overthrown in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Question 16. Name the first two Nation-States of Europe.
Answer: The first two nation-states of Europe were England and France.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 17. When was the Second Republic founded in France?
Answer: On 26th February 1848, the Second Republic was founded in France.

Question 18. Which year is called the “Year of Revolutions”?
Answer: The year 1848 is called the “Year of Revolutions.”

Question 19. Who founded the Second French Empire?
Answer: The Second French Empire was founded by Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III.

Question 20. How long did the’ July Monarchy ‘ last?
Answer: The “July Monarchy” lasted from 1830 to 1848.

Question 21. Which were countries influenced by the February Revolution?
Answer: Austria, Hungary, Italy, Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands were the countries influenced by the February Revolution.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 22. In which year did Louis Napoleon declare himself the “Emperor of France “?
Answer: In 1852, Louis Napoleon declared himself the “Emperor of France “.

Question 23. Between whom and when was the Treaty of Villafranca signed?
Answer: Austria and France signed the Treaty of Villafranca in 1859.

Question 24. Who declared the Carlsbad Decree in Germany and when?
Answer: Prince Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria declared the Carlsbad Decree in Germany in 1819.

Question 25. Who was Polignac?
Answer: Polignac was the Prime Minister of the French, ruler Charles X.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 26. Who was known as the Mazzini of Hungary?
Answer: Louis Kossuth who gave leadership to the people of Hungary on their demand for self¬rule was known as the Mazzini of Hungary.

Question 27. Who was Lamartine?
Answer: Lamartine was the President of the provisional republican government that was formed in France after the February Revolution of 1848.

Question 28. Why was the Troppau Protocol (1821) implemented?
Answer: The Troppau Protocol (1821) was implemented so that if at any place the revolutionary ideals or actions were revoked then the status quo policy would be immediately applied.

Question 29. Who founded Young Italy and when?
Answer: Young Italy was founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831.

Question 30. Who followed the policy of ‘blood and iron ‘?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck of Germany followed the policy of ” blood and iron “.

Question 31. What was “Carbonari”?
Answer: Several secret societies were formed in Italy in the second and third decades of the 19th century and the foremost among them was “Carbonari”.

Question 32. Name a few thinkers who imbibed a feeling of pride and nationalism among the Italian citizens.
Answer: Leopardi, Troya, Cantu, and Capponi were some of the thinkers who imbibed a feeling of pride and nationalism among the Italian citizens.

Question 33. Who put an end to the Second Republic in France?
Answer: Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III put an end to the Second Republic in France.

Question 34. Who was Guizot?
Answer: Guizot was the Prime Minister of the French emperor Louis Philippe.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 35. In which year did Charles X ascend the throne of France?
Answer: Charles X, the French Monarch, belonging to the Bourbon dynasty ascended the throne of France in 1824.

Question 36. Who was declared the king of united Italy in 1861?
Answer: In 1861, the king of Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II was made the King of united Italy.

Question 37. When and between whom was the Treaty of Plombieres signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Plombieres was signed between Count Cavour of Italy and Napoleon 3, the French Emperor, in 1858.

Question 38. Who were known as the Bonapartists?
Answer: The followers of Napoleon Bonaparte or the supporters of the political movement in France who tried to restore the empire of France under the house of the Bonaparte are called Bonapartists.

Question 39. What was the color of the dress worn by the members of Young Italy?
Answer: The members of Young Italy wore black colored dresses.

Question 40. Who was Duke of Berry?
Answer: The Duke of Berry was the third child of the French monarch Charles X and the nephew of Louis XVIII.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 41. Name the four allied powers who met at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818 ).
Answer: The four allied powers who met at the Congress of Aix – Aix-Aix-Aix-Aix-Aix-la-Chapelle were Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

Question 42. Name the two French leaders of the July Revolution of 1830.
Answer: Adolphe Thiers and Lafayette were the two French leaders of the July Revolution of 1830.

Question 43. Name the country that came in the way of unity and democracy In Italy.
Answer: Austria came in the way of unity and democracy in Italy.

Question 44. When and with whom did the Battle of Sedan take place?
Answer: The Battle of Sedan took place between Prussia and France in 1870.

Question 45. When and with whom did the Battle of Sadowa take place?
Answer: In 1866, the Battle of Sadowa took place between Prussia and Austria.

Question 46. Who was requested to be the President of the Frankfurt Parliament?
Answer: Frederick William 5, the King of Prussia was requested to be the President of the Frankfurt Parliament.

Question 47. Who allowed Piedmont-Sardinia to adopt a liberal constitution?
Answer: Charles Albert allowed Piedmont-Sardinia to adopt a liberal constitution.

Question 48. Who allowed Denmark to draft a constitution?
Answer: King Frederick VII allowed Denmark to draft a constitution.

Question 49. Who gave the Poles the right to self-rule?
Answer: Czar Alexander I gave the Poles the right to self-rule.

Question 50. Who granted the right to self-rule to Norway?
Answer: Norway was granted the right to self-rule by the King of Sweden.

Question 51. What was the primary aim of the Principle of Legitimacy?
Answer: The primary aim of the Principle of Legitimacy was the restoration of the monarchical rights of those monarchs who ruled in the period before the French Revolution (1789).

Question 52. What was the primary aim of the Principle of Compensation?
Answer: The Principle of Compensation aimed to compensate the countries like Austria, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, and England who suffered great losses in the wars against Napoleon by allowing them to divide several territories among themselves.

Question 53. What was the primary aim of the Principle Of Balance of Power?
Answer: The primary aim of the Principle of Balance of Power was to maintain peace in Europe and to ensure that neither France nor any other power in Europe had the strength and courage to disturb this peace and equilibrium.

Question 54. Who infused the idea of Pan – Germanism?
Answer: The intellectual community comprising of the professors and students of the German universities, the poets and writers, the philosophers and historians infused the idea of Pan -Germanism.

Question 55. Which was the only state that became independent before the unification of Italy?
Answer: Piedmont-Sardinia was the only state that became independent before the unification of Italy.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 56. What were the followers of Garibaldi known as?
Answer: The followers of Garibaldi were known as Red Shirts.

Question 57. Who was the French ambassador whom Louis Napoleon sent to William I?
Answer: The French ambassador Count Benedetti was sent to William I by Louis Napoleon.

Question 58. Which nationalities resided in the Balkan region?
Answer: The Albanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Romanians, and Serbs were some of the nationalities residing at the Balkan region.

Question 59. Name the treaty by which Turkey accepted the independence of Greece.
Answer: By the Treaty of London in 1832, Turkey accepted the independence of Greece.

Question 60. By which treaty Schleswig and Holstein were ceded to Prussia and Austria respectively?
Answer: By the Treaty of Gastein in 1865, Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria respectively.

Question 61. Name some of the writers who instilled nationalist feelings in the minds of the Germans.
Answer: Fichte, Stein, Hegel, Hausser, Lieste, Bohemer, and Dahlmann instilled nationalist feelings in the minds of the Germans.

Question 62. Between whom and when was the Treaty of San Stefano signed?
Answer: Russia and Turkey signed the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878.

Question 63. Who had called Turkey the “Sick man of Europe “?
Answer: Czar Nicholas I had called Turkey the ” Sick man of Europe “.

Question 64. Between whom and when was the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji was signed between the Russian and the Ottoman Empire in 1774.

Question 65. When did the Crimean War take place?
Answer: The Crimean War started in March 1854 and continued up to March 1856.

Question 66. Name the three leaders of Italy who were greatly instrumental in its unification.
Answer: Guiseppe Mazzini, Guiseppe Garibaldi, and Count Camillo Benso di Cavour were the three leaders who were instrumental in the Italian unification.

Question 67. Whom did Italy support in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870?
Answer: In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Italy supported Prussia.

Question 68. What was Zollverein ?
Answer: Zollverein, a German customs union or tariff union was a coalition of German states that were responsible for managing the economic policies within their territories.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 69. What is the Eastern Question?
Answer: The strategic policies and the political ambitions of the great European powers given the weak political and economic condition of the Ottoman Empire of the 18th to 20th century is referred to as the ” Eastern Question “.

Question 70. Why did Great Britain and France declare war against Russia in March 1854?
Answer: Great Britain and France declared war against Russia in March 1854 on the latter’s refusal to follow the proposals made in the Vienna Note.

Question 71. Who was the first king of independent Greece?
Answer: Otto, a Bavarian prince became the first king of independent Greece in 1832. ( London Convention)

Question 72. Which religion was followed by the Sultans of Turkey?
Answer: The Sultans of Turkey were followers of Islam.

Question 73. Who signed the ” Edict of Emancipation?
Answer: Czar Alexander II signed the ” Edict of Emancipation “.

Question 74. Name the Russian author who wrote about the deplorable condition of the serfs in his country.
Answer: Nikolai Gogol wrote about the deplorable condition of the serfs in his country.

Question 75. In which year was the unified German empire established?
Answer: The unified German empire was established in 1871.

Question 76. Who became the ” Kaiser” of unified Germany?
Answer: William I, the Prussian ruler became the ” Kaiser ” of unified Germany.

Question 77. Who first took the initiative of forming the Concert of Europe?
Answer: Czar Alexander I first took the initiative of forming the Concert of Europe.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Question 78. When did Rome come under Italian occupation?
Answer: Rome came under Italian occupation in 870.

Question 79. Who started the Young Turk Movement?
Answer: Anwar Pasha, Kamal Pasha, and Talat Beg started the Young Turk Movement.

Question 80. Who was Alexander Ypsilanti?
Answer: Alexander Ypsilantis, a Greek nationalist politician of the Phanariot family was one of the leaders of the Greek secret society named Philike Hetairia.

Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution: Colonialism And Imperialism Answer In A Single Sentence Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Who coined the term, Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Auguste Blanqui, a French writer first coined the term Industrial Revolution.

Question 2. When did Arnold Toynbee first discuss the Industrial Revolution in England?
Answer: In 1880-1881, Arnold Toynbee first discussed the Industrial Revolution before the gathering at Oxford University in England.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Very Short Answer Questions

Question 3. Where in Europe did the Industrial Revolution first take place?
Answer: In Europe, the Industrial Revolution first took place in England.

Question 4. Who invented the steam engine?
Answer: James Watt invented the steam engine.

Question 5. Who was Adam Smith?
Answer: Adam Smith was a British Economist.

Question 6. Which country in Europe came to be known as the ‘workshop of the world’?
Answer: England came to be known as the ‘workshop of the world’.

Question 7. What is mercantile capital?
Answer: The capital that was invested by rich investors during the time of the Industrial Revolution for trade and commerce was known as mercantile capital.

Question 8. What is ‘industrial capital’?
Answer: The wealthy section of the population started investing their capital in industries instead of trade and commerce after the Industrial Revolution which came to be known as the ‘industrial capital’.

Question 9. Name two cities in England that had a population of 50,000 in 1750.
Answer: London and Edinburgh had a population of over 50,000 in 1750.

Question 10. What is the ‘Factory System’?
Answer: A factory system is a way through which large-scale production is carried on in an extensive space under one roof.

Question 11. What is Capitalism?
Answer: Capitalism is an economic system where both investment and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth are governed by private individuals or corporations.

Question 12. Name two Utopian Socialists.
Answer: Louis Blanc and Proudhon were two Utopian Socialists.

Question 13. Who is called the ‘Father of British Socialism’?
Answer: Robert Owen was known as the ‘Father of British Socialism’.

Question 14. Who is called the ‘Father of French Socialism’?
Answer: Flenri de Saint Simon is known as the ‘Father of French Socialism’.

Question 15. Who gave leadership to the Luddite Riot?
Answer: Ned Ludd provided leadership to the Luddite Riot.

Question 16. When did the Industrial Revolution begin in France?
Answer: The Industrial Revolution in France began in 1830.

Question 17. Who is called the pioneer of European Socialism?
Answer: Henri de Saint Simon is called the pioneer of European Socialism.

Question 18. Who wrote the booklet, ‘Communist Manifesto’?
Answer: The Communist Manifesto was a political document by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Question 19. Which period was called the ‘Age of Imperialism’?
Answer: The period between 1870 to 1914 was called the ‘Age of Imperialism’.

Question 20. Name the European nations who wanted to exploit the Asian market.
Answer: The Dutch, the Portuguese, the French, the British, and the Danes wanted to exploit the Asian market.

Question 21. When did the English East India Company establish undisputed authority over vast regions of India?
Answer: It was by 1857, that the English East India Company established undisputed authority over vast regions of India.

Question 22. When did Russia capture Merv?
Answer: In 1884, Russia captured Merv.

Question 23. Who were the first to begin tea and rubber plantations in Ceylon?
Answer: It was the British who were the first to begin tea and rubber plantations in Ceylon.

Question 24. Who were the first to colonize Malaya?
Answer: The Portuguese were the first to colonize Malaya.

Question 25. When did the USA occupy the Hawaiian Islands?
Answer: In 1893, the USA occupied the Hawaiian Islands.

Question 26. When did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea?
Answer: In 1869, the Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Question 27. When and between whom was the First Opium War fought?
Answer: The First Opium War was fought between China and Britain in the period between the year 839 to 1842.

Question 28. When was the Treaty of Tientsin signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Tientsin was signed in 1858.

Question 29. What were the 3 major factors that were important for the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:

The 3 major factors that were important for the Industrial Revolution were

1. Capital
2. Labor
3. Raw materials.

Question 30. Name the regions from where the first railway line became operational.
Answer: The first railway line became operational from Darlington to Stockton in England.

Question 31. Who gave leadership in forming the Grand Consolidated National Union?
Answer: The Grand Consolidated National Union was formed under the leadership of Robert Owen.

Question 32. When did railways first start in Germany?
Answer: In 1835, railways first started in Bavaria, Germany.

Question 33. When was the Entente Cordiale signed?
Answer: In 1904 the Entente Cordiale was signed.

Question 34. When and among whom was the Triple Alliance signed?
Answer: The Triple Alliance was formed between Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary in 1882.

Question 35. When and among whom was the Triple Entente signed?
Answer: In 1907 the Triple Entente was formed against Germany by Britain, France, and Russia.

Question 36. Which period was referred to as the Age of Armed Peace?
Answer: The period between 1871 to 1913 was referred to as the Age of Armed Peace.

Question 37. Who introduced the currency Mark in Germany?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck introduced Mark as the currency in Germany.

Question 38. Which period is regarded as the Golden Age of French industrialization?
Answer: The period 1850 to 1870 is regarded as the Golden Age of French Industrial expansion.

Question 39. Where was the Paris Commune formed?
Answer: The Paris Commune was formed in France.

Question 40. Who wrote the poem, ‘The White Man’s Burden?
Answer: Rudyard Kipling wrote the poem, The White Man’s Burden’.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 6 The Second World War And Its Aftermath Answer In A Single Sentence Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. When did the Second World War begin?
Answer: The Second World War began on 1st September 1939.

Question 2. Which Treaty was called the ‘dictated peace’?
Answer: E. H. Carr had called the Treaty of Versailles a ‘dictated peace’.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Very Short Answer Questions

Question 3. What was the slogan under which the victorious Allies remade Europe after the First World War?
Answer: It was the slogan of ‘self-determination’ under which the victorious Allies remade Europe after the First World War.

Question 4. What were the two ideologies into which the world was divided?
Answer: The world was divided into two major contradictory ideologies namely- Democracy and Autocracy.

Question 5. Who had no moral obligations to the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: The Germans had no moral obligations to the Treaty of Versailles which they considered one¬sided.

Question 6. Who said, ‘There can be no compromise between the two worlds—either we or they’.
Answer: Benito Mussolini, the Fascist leader of Italy said these words.

Question 7. Where do we find the mention of the right to self-rule?
Answer: In the ‘Fourteen Points Principle’ of Woodrow Wilson the President of the USA we find mention of the right to self-rule.

Question 8. When was the Treaty of London signed?
Answer: The Treaty of London was signed in 1915.

Question 9. Which countries were vocal against the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?
Answer: Germany and Italy were vocal against the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

Question 10. Which country propagated the Herrenvolk Theory?
Answer: Germany under Adolf Hitler propagated the Herrenvolk Theory.

Question 11. What is the meaning of the word Fuhrer?
Answer: The word Fuhrer means leader and it was the title used by Adolf Hitler to express his absolute authority in Germany’s Third Reich.

Question 12. Who followed a policy of appeasement to the Axis powers?
Answer: Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement to the Axis powers.

Question 13. When did Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact?
Answer: Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in November 1936.

Question 14. When was the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis formed?
Answer: The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis was formed in 1937.

Question 15. Who was Neville Chamberlain?
Answer: Neville Chamberlain was the Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Question 16. What was the Luftwaffe?
Answer: Luftwaffe was Germany’s military air arms during the Second World War.

Question 17. Who was Joseph Goebbels?
Answer: Joseph Goebbels was a German Nazi politician and minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Question 18. What was the Gestapo?
Answer: Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe and it was created by Hermann Goring.

Question 19. Who wrote ‘The Gathering Storm’?
Answer: Winston Churchill wrote, ‘The Gathering Storm’.

Question 20. Who wrote Mein Kampf?
Answer: Adolf Hitler wrote Mein Kampf

Question 21. Who was Daladier?
Answer: Daladier was the Prime Minister of France at the time of the Second World War.

Question 22. Name the port that Hitler demanded from Poland.
Answer: Hitler demanded the Polish port named Danzig.

Question 23. Who was Paul von Hindenburg?
Answer: Paul von Hindenburg was a German general and statesman who became the President of the German Republic in 1925.

Question 24. When did Japan attack Manchuria?
Answer: Japan attacked Manchuria in 1931.

Question 25. When did Germany withdraw from the League of Nations?
Answer: In 1933, Germany withdrew itself from the League of Nations.

Question 26. What is the present name of Abyssinia?
Answer: The present name of Abyssinia is Ethiopia.

Question 27. In which year Italy annexed Abyssinia?
Answer: Italy annexed Abyssinia in 1936.

Question 28. Who was Haile Selassie?
Answer: Haile Selassie was the Emperor of Ethiopia.

Question 29. Who was Douglas MacArthur?
Answer: General MacArthur was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theatre during the Second World War.

Question 30. Who was Hirohito?
Answer: Hirohito was the emperor of Japan who reigned as the emperor of the Empire of Japan from 1926 to 1947 and of the state of Japan from 1947 to 1989 till his death.

Question 31. When was the Polish-German Non-Aggression Pact signed?
Answer: The Polish-German Non -Aggression Pact was an international treaty that was signed between Nazi Germany and the Second Polish Republic on 26th January 1934.

Question 32. When was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement signed?
Answer: The Anglo-German Naval Agreement was signed in 1935.

Question 33. When did Hitler send the German troops to the Rhineland?
Answer: In March 1936, Hitler sent his German troops to the Rhineland.

Question 34. Which region led to the conflict between Germany and Czechoslovakia?
Answer: Sudetenland which had a majority of the German population became a major source of contention between Germany and Czechoslovakia.

Question 35. When did Russia occupy Finland?
Answer: Russia occupied Finland on 30th November 1939.

Question 36. When did Russia seize control of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania?
Answer: Russia seized control of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in June 1940.

Question 37. Who succeeded Chamberlain as the Prime Minister of England?
Answer: Winston Churchill succeeded Chamberlain as the Prime Minister of England.

Question 38. Who succeeded Daladier as the Prime Minister of France?
Answer: Paul Reynaud succeeded Daladier as the Prime Minister of France.

Question 39. When did Hitler make a simultaneous attack on Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg?
Answer: On 10th May 1940 Hitler made a simultaneous attack on Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg.

Question 40. Who set up the Vichy Government in France?
Answer: Marshal Petain set up the Vichy Government in France.

Question 41. What name was given by Hitler to his invasion of England?
Answer: Hitler called his invasion of England, ‘Operation Sea Lion’.

Question 42. What name was given to Hitler for his invasion of Russia?
Answer: Hitler called his invasion of Russia, ‘Operation Barbarossa’.

Question 43. What was Anschluss?
Answer: The annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938 is known as the Anschluss.

Question 44. Name the Lithuanian port that was occupied by Hitler.
Answer: Hitler occupied the Lithuanian port called Memel.

Question 45. Which region was annexed by Hitler after the Munich Pact?
Answer: Sudetenland was annexed by Hitler after the Munich Pact.

Question 46. When did Hitler annex the whole of Czechoslovakia?
Answer: Hitler annexed the whole of Czechoslovakia on 15th March 1939.

Question 47. When was the Atlantic Charter signed?
Answer: The Atlantic Charter was signed on 14th August 1941.

Question 48. Why did Hitler attack Poland?
Answer: Hitler launched the conquest of Poland to bring ‘Lebensraum’ or living space to the German people and he also claimed the massive invasion as a defensive action.

Question 49. Name the British warships that were drowned by the German U-boats.
Answer: HMS Courageous and HMS Royal Oak were British warships that were drowned by German U-boats.

Question 50. What was the code name for Hitler’s invasion of Poland?
Answer: The code name for Hitler’s invasion of Poland is Operation White.

Question 51. Who adopted the policy of ‘one by one’?
Answer: Adolf Hitler adopted the policy of ‘one by one’.

Question 52. When did the Battle of Leningrad take place?
Answer: The Battle of Leningrad took place in 1941.

Question 53. When did the Battle of Stalingrad begin?
Answer: The Battle of Stalingrad began in 1942.

Question 54. Who defeated the German troops at the Battle of Stalingrad?
Answer: Marshal Zhukov and his Red Army defeated the German troops at the Battle of Stalingrad.

Question 55. Which country was called the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’ during the Second World War?
Answer: The USA was called the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’ during the Second World War.

Question 56. In which year was the ‘Lend-Lease Act’ passed in the USA?
Answer: The ‘Lend-Lease Act’ was passed in the USA in 1941.

Question 57. Who announced the ‘Lend-Lease Act’ in the USA?
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the ‘Lend-Lease Act’ in the USA.

Question 58. Who introduced the ‘Cash and Carry7 policy?
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt the President of the USA introduced the ‘Cash and Carry’ policy.

Question 59. Which country adopted the Good Neighbour Policy?
Answer: The USA adopted the Good Neighbour Policy.

Question 60. Who attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbour?
Answer: Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbour.

Question 61. Where was the U.S. naval base of Pearl Harbour?
Answer: The U.S. naval base of Pearl Harbour was in the Hawaii Islands.

Question 62. When did Japan attack the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbour?
Answer: On 7th December 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbour.

Question 63. When did the USA declare war against Japan?
Answer: The USA declared war against Japan on 8th December 1941.

Question 64. Name the Act that made the USA the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’?
Answer: The ‘Lend-Lease Act’ that was passed by the U.S. Senate made the USA the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’.

Question 65. Why did Hitler want to unite with Austria?
Answer: The unification of Austria was Hitler’s perfect way to fulfil his dream of a united German nation and it also gave Germany a boost to its economy and access to more industrial power.

Question 66. Which day was referred to by F.D. Roosevelt through this comment -‘ a date which will live in infamy?
Answer: 7th December 1941 was the date referred for it was on that day Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbour.

Question 67. Who was Eisenhower?
Answer: Eisenhower was the U.S. General during the Second World War who later became the President of the USA.

Question 68. When did the Second World War come to an end?
Answer: The Second World War ended on 2nd September 1945.

Question 69. Which day is known as D-Day?
Answer: 6th June 1944, is known as ‘D-Day’.

Question 70. Who was Hideki Tojo?
Answer: Hideki Tojo was the Prime Minister of Japan.

Question 71. Who popularized the term, ‘Cold War’?
Answer: Walter Lipmann popularized the term, ‘Cold War’.

Question 72. When was the Tehran Conference held?
Answer: In Nov-Dec 1943, the Tehran Conference was held.

Question 73. When was the San Francisco Conference held?
Answer: In 1945, the San Francisco Conference was held.

Question 74. How long did the Second World War continue?
Answer: The Second World War continued for six years from 1939 to 1945.

Question 75. Who were the two superpowers of the Cold War?
Answer: The USA and the USSR were the two superpowers of the Cold War.

Question 76. Name the two Japanese cities where the USA dropped the atomic bombs.
Answer: The USA dropped the atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Question 77. When did the USA drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima?
Answer: The USA dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on 6th August 1945.

Question 78. When did the USA drop an atomic bomb at Nagasaki?
Answer: The USA dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki on 9th August 1945.

Question 79. When did Russia attack Manchuria?
Answer: Russia attacked Manchuria on 8th August 1945.

Question 80. When did Japan sign the Instrument of Surrender?
Answer: Japan signed the Instrument of Surrender on 2nd September 1945.

Question 81. Name the First World Countries.
Answer: The First World Countries are the USA and the Western Democracies.

Question 82. Who formed the Second World Countries?
Answer: The USSR and her allies formed the Second World Countries.

Question 83. Who formed the Third World Countries?
Answer: The term ‘Third World Countries’ refers to the newly industrialized countries like India, China, and Brazil and after the Second World War the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America came to be known as the ‘Third World.

Question 84. When was the United Nations Organization formed?
Answer: The United Nations Organization or the U.N.O. was formed on 24th October 1945.

Question 85. What is the full form of NAM?
Answer: The full form of NAM is the ‘Non-Alignment Movement’.

Question 86. Who took the main initiative to set up the United Nations Organization?
Answer: The countries like USA, Russia and Britain took the main initiative to set up the United Nations Organization.

Question 87. What is the full form of SAARC?
Answer: The full form of SAARC is the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

Question 88. What is the full form of UNRRA?
Answer: The full form of UNNRA is the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.

Question 89. What is the full form of NATO?
Answer: The full form of NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Question 90. What is the full form of SEATO?
Answer: The full form of SEATO is the South-East Asia Treaty Organization.

Question 91. What is the full form of CENTO?
Answer: The full form of CENTO is the Central Treaty Organization.

Question 92. In which year was NATO formed?
Answer: NATO was formed in 1949.

Question 93. When was the SEATO formed?
Answer: The SEATO was formed in 1954.

Question 94. When was the CENTO formed?
Answer: The CENTO was formed in 1955.

Question 95. ‘Without victory, there is no survival’— Who said this?
Answer: Winston Churchill said these words.

Question 96. Who was Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov?
Answer: Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov was a Soviet politician and diplomat and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s when he rose to power as a protege of Joseph Stalin.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 7 The League Of Nations And The United Nations Organisation Answer In A Single Sentence

Question 1. Name the international organization that was established to promote peace after the First World War.
Answer: The League of Nations was an international organization that was established to promote peace after the First World War.

Question 2. When do we first hear about the League of Nations?
Answer: Woodrow Wilson, the President of the USA in his famous ‘Fourteen Points Programme’ (8th January 1918) mentioned the League of Nations in its last.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Very Short Answer Questions

Question 3. Who was known as the ‘Father of the League of Nations’?
Answer: Woodrow Wilson, the President of the USA was known as the ‘Father of the League of Nations’.

Question 4. When was the League Covenant officially adopted?
Answer: The League Covenant was officially adopted at the Paris Peace Conference on 28,h April 1919.

Question 5. When did the League of Nations have its first session?
Answer: The League of Nations had its first session on 10, January 1920.

Question 6. What was the Covenant of the League of Nations?
Answer: The Covenant of the League of Nations was the Charter of the League of Nations that was signed in 1919.

Question 7. What was the constitution of the League of Nations known as?
Answer: The constitution of the League of Nations was known as the League Covenant.

Question 8. Name the two kinds of members that formed the League of Nations.
Answer: The two kinds of members that formed the League of Nations were Original or Founding Members and Non-Original Members.

Question 9. How many members did the League have in its first session?
Answer: In its First Session in 1920, the League had 40 members.

Question 10. How many members did the League have in 1939 before the outbreak of the Second World War?
Answer: The League had only 46 members in 1939 before the outbreak of the Second World War.

Question 11. Where was the first session of the League of Nations held?
Answer: The first session of the League of Nations was held in Geneva, Switzerland.

Question 12. What were the three main constitutional organs of the League of Nations?
Answer: The three main constitutional organs of the League of Nations were the League Assembly, the League Council and a Secretariat.

Question 13. Name the two essential wings of the League of Nations.
Answer: The two essential wings of the League of Nations were -the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organization.

Question 14. Who formed the League Assembly?
Answer: The League Assembly was formed with representatives of the States that signed the League Covenant.

Question 15. What functions were executed by the League Assembly of the League of Nations?
Answer: The League Assembly of the League of Nations discussed and made decisions on world peace, security, political matters and conflicts and also issues related to minorities.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 7 Question 16. How were new members admitted to the League Assembly?
Answer: New members were admitted to the League Assembly by a vote of assent by two-thirds of the existing members.

Question 17. Who were the permanent members of the League Council?
Answer: England, France, Italy and Japan were the permanent members of the League Council and the USA which was recognized as a permanent member of the League Council did not join the League Council.

Question 18. What were the main things discussed at the League Council?
Answer: The main things discussed at the League Council were issues related to resolving global problems unanimously.

Question 19. Who was the First Secretary General of the League of Nations?
Answer: The First Secretary General of the League of Nations was Sir Eric Drummond.

Question 20. Where was the headquarters of the Permanent Court of International Justice?
Answer: The Permanent Court of International Justice had its headquarters at the Dutch capital of The Hague.

Question 21. Where was the headquarters of the International Labour Organization?
Answer: The headquarters of the International Labour Organization was in Geneva.

Question 22. Who elected the temporary members of the League Council?
Answer: The League Assembly elected the temporary members of the League Council.

Question 23. For how many times in a year did the League Council have its session?
Answer: The League Council had sessions at least thrice a year.

Question 24. What was the main purpose of forming the League of Nations?
Answer: The main purpose of forming the League of Nations was to ensure peace and security in the world.

Question 25. When was the League of Nations dissolved?
Answer: The League of Nations was dissolved in 1946.

Question 26. Who selected the name United Nations Organization?
Answer: The American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt selected the name United Nations Organization.

Question 27. When and where was the United Nations Organization established?
Answer: The United Nations Organization was established on 24th August 1945 in New York, USA.

Question 28. From where did the United Nations get its name?
Answer: The United Nations Organization got its name from Lord Byron’s poem, ‘The Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage’.

Question 29. Who selected the name United Nations Organization?
Answer: The President of the USA, Franklin D. Roosevelt selected the name United Nations Organization.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 7 Question 30. How many fundamental Principles are mentioned in Article 2 of the U.N. Charter?
Answer: Seven fundamental Principles are mentioned in Article 2 of the U.N. Charter.

Question 31. Who are called the Charter Members?
Answer: The 51 countries that first signed the Charter of the United Nations are called the Charter Members.

Question 32. Which are the five countries have Veto powers?
Answer: The five countries having Veto powers are the USA, the Russian Republic, England, France and China.

Question 33. How many members constitute the Security Council of the United Nations?
Answer: Fifteen members constitute the Security Council of the United Nations.

Question 34. In which year was the Permanent Court of International Justice started?
Answer: The Permanent Court of International Justice was started in 1922.

Question 35. Why was the Economic and Social Council of the UNO formed?
Answer: The Economic and Social Council of the UNO was formed to achieve global economic, social and cultural development.

Question 36. When was the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations formed?
Answer: The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations was formed on 16th October 1945.

Question 37. Where is the headquarters of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations?
Answer: The headquarters of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is situated in the city of Rome.

Question 38. When and where was the International Monetary Fund formed?
Answer: The International Monetary Fund was formed on 27th December 1945 in New Hampshire, USA.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 7 Question 39. Who were the founders of the International Monetary Fund?
Answer: John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White were the founders of the International Monetary Fund.

Question 40. When was the World Health Organization established?
Answer: The World Health Organization or WHO was established on 7th April 1948.

Question 41. Who was the first Director-General of WHO?
Answer: Dr George Brock Chisholm was the first Director-General of WHO.

Question 42. Who is the present Director-General of WHO?
Answer: Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus is the present Director-General of WHO.

Question 43. What is the full form of UNESCO?
Answer: The full form of UNESCO is the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Question 44. What is the full form of ILO?
Answer: The full form of ILO is the International Labour Organization.

Question 45. When and where was UNESCO established?
Answer: The UNESCO was established on 16th November 1945 in London.

Question 46. Who is the present Director-General of UNESCO?
Answer: Audrey Azoulay is the Director-General of UNESCO.

Question 47. Who is the present Director-General of ILO?
Answer: Guy Ryder is the Director-General of ILO

Question 48. Name the countries where the trusteeship system was established.
Answer: The trusteeship system was established in Cameroon, Somaliland and Tanganyika.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 7 Question 49. Who was the first Secretary-General of the United Nations?
Answer: Trygve Lie, the former Norwegian Foreign Minister was the first Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Question 50. Who is the current Secretary-General of the United Nations?
Answer: Antonio Guterres of Portugal, is the current Secretary-General of the United Nations.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 5 Europe In The 20th Century Answer In A Single Sentence Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Which dynasty ruled Russia during the second half of the 18th Century?
Answer: The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia in the second half of the 18th Century.

Question 2. Who founded the Romanov dynasty and when?
Answer: Mikhail Romanov founded the Romanov dynasty in 1613.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Very Short Answer Questions

Question 3. From where did the word Czar come to form? 
Answer: The word Czar comes from the Latin word Caesar.

Question 4. When did the Decembrist Movement in Russia take place?
Answer: The Decembrist Movement in Russia took place in 1825.

Question 5. What was the Russian legislature known as?
Answer: The Russian legislature was known as the Duma.

Question 6. Who is known as the ‘Father of Modern Russia’?
Answer: Peter the Great, was known as the ‘Father of Modern Russia’.

Question 7. Who formed the Bolshevik Party in Russia and when?
Answer: V.l.Lenin formed the Bolshevik Party in Russia in 1817.

Question 8. Who ruled Russia during the Nihilist Movement?
Answer: The Nihilist Movement in Russia took place during the rule of Alexander II.

Question 9. Name the two groups into which the Social Democratic Party was divided in 1903.
Answer:

In 1903, the Social Democratic Party was divided into two groups namely

1. The Bolshevik Party and
2. The Menshevik Party.

Question 10. What was the real name of Lenin?
Answer: The real name of Lenin was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.

Question 11. What was the real name of Stalin?
Answer: The real name of Stalin was Joseph Vissarionvich Stalin.

Question 12. What was the real name of Trotsky?
Answer: The real name of Trotsky was Lev Davidovich Bronstein.

Question 13. What was the name of the newspaper published by the Bolsheviks?
Answer: Pravda was the name of the newspaper that was published by the Bolsheviks.

Question 14. Which incident provoked the Russo-Japanese War of 1905-06?
Answer: The Russian conquest of Korea and Manchuria provoked the Russo-Japanese War of 1905-06.

Question 15. By what other name was the November Revolution of 1917 in Russia known?
Answer: The November Revolution of 1917 in Russia was also known as the Socialist Revolution.

Question 16. When and by whom was the Bible Society formed?
Answer: The Bible Society was formed in 1812 by the Russian Czar Alexander I.

Question 17. What does the word ‘Narod’ mean?
Answer: The word ‘Narod’ means ‘the people in the Russian language.

Question 18. When was the ‘Social Democratic Party’ formed in Russia?
Answer: The ‘Social Democratic Party’ was formed in 1898 in Russia.

Question 19. Who ruled Russia during the outbreak of the Revolution of 1917?
Answer: The Revolution of 1917 broke out during the reign of the Russian Czar Nicholas II.

Question 20. When did the Czarist rule end in Russia?
Answer: The Czarist rule ended in Russia on 13th March 1917.

Question 21. Who was the first president of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Lenin was the first president of the Soviet Union.

Question 22. Who was the first foreign minister of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Trotsky was the first foreign minister of the Soviet Union.

Question 23. Who wrote the book, ‘What is to be done’?
Answer: In 1902, V. I. Lenin wrote the book, ‘What is to be done’.

Question 24. When did the Bolsheviks capture the Winter Palace?
Answer: The Winter Palace of the Czar was captured by the Bolsheviks on 7,h November 1917.

Question 25. Who is known as the ‘Father of the Russian Revolution’?
Answer: Lenin is known as the ‘Father of the Russian Revolution’.

Question 26. What was the name of the leader who led the procession of workers to the Winter Palace in Russia?
Answer: Father Gapon led the procession of workers to the Winter Palace in Russia.

Question 27. Who announced the New Economic Policy in Russia?
Answer: The New Economic Policy in Russia was announced by V.l. Lenin.

Question 28. What was the Comintern?
Answer: In March 1919, Lenin took the initiative of uniting all the Socialist Movements across the world and formed the ‘Third International’ or ‘Comintern’ in Moscow.

Question 29. When and by whom was the Red Army formed in Russia?
Answer: The Red Army was formed in Russia in 1917 by Trotsky.

Question 30. When was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed?
Answer: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formed in 1924.

Question 31. Who were the Kulaks?            
Answer: In Russia, the word ‘Kulaks’ refers to the relatively wealthy peasants who possessed large farms and herds of cattle and horses and could hire or employ labor and lease land.

Question 32. What is Mir?
Answer: In Russia, Mir was a self-governing community formed by peasant households that had their own elected officials and exercised control of local forests, vacant lands, and other things.

Question 33. Name the place where the incident of Bloody Sunday or Red Sunday took place.
Answer: In 1905, the incident of Bloody Sunday took place in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Question 34. Name the monk who had wrongly influenced Czar Nicholas II
Answer: Rasputin, the self-proclaimed holy man or monk from Georgia had wrongly influenced Czar Nicholas II.

Question 35. Name some of the Russian authors and philosophers who exposed the tyrannical rule of the Czars in Russia.
Answer: The great Russian authors and philosophers like Turgenev, Gorky, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, and Gogol exposed the tyrannical rule of the Czars through their writings.

Question 36. Name the Indian representative who attended the second session of the ‘Comintern’ in 1920.
Answer: M.N. Roy attended the second session of the ‘Comintern’ in 1920.

Question 37. Which country became the first Communist State in the world?
Answer: Russia became the first Communist State in the world.

Question 38. What is the meaning of the term ‘Bolshevik’?
Answer: The term ‘Bolshevik’ means the majority.

Question 39. When was Kaiser William II dethroned?
Answer: Kaiser William II of Germany was dethroned in 1918.

Question 40. When did Woodrow Wilson announce his famous ‘Fourteen Points’?
Answer: Woodrow Wilson announced his famous ‘Fourteen Points’ on 8th January 1918.

Question 41. When did Germany surrender before the Allied Powers?
Answer: Germany surrendered on 11th November 1918.

Question 42. When was the League Covenant adopted?
Answer: The League Covenant was adopted in 1919.

Question 43. In which treaty lay the seeds of the Second World War?
Answer: The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, laid the seeds of the Second World War.

Question 44. When was the Treaty of St. Germain signed?
Answer: The treaty of St. Germain was signed in 1919.

Question 45. Name the countries that fought against each other in the Battle of Jutland.
Answer: England and Germany fought against each other in the Battle of Jutland.

Question 46. What is the ‘Polish Corridor’?
Answer: The Polish Corridor or the Danzig Corridor was the twenty-seven-mile-wide corridor, which provided the Second Republic of Poland access to the Baltic Sea and thus divided a large part of Germany from the province of East Russia.

Question 47. Between whom was the Treaty of St. Germain signed?
Answer: The Treaty of St. Germain was signed between Austria and Hungary.

Question 48. Who was the first Secretary-General of the League of Nations?
Answer: James Eric Drummond was the first Secretary-General of the League of Nations.

Question 49. Who was known as ‘The Engineer in Politics’?
Answer: Herbert C. Hoover, the President of the USA was known as ‘The Engineer in Politics’.

Question 50. Where was the headquarters of the League of Nations? 
Answer: The headquarters of the League of Nations was in Geneva, Switzerland.

Question 51. Why did the US government form the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?
Answer: The US government formed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to wave off the loans for three years to achieve developments in agriculture, industry, and trade.

Question 52. In which year Moscow was made the capital of Russia?
Answer: On 10th March 1918, Moscow was made the capital of Russia.

Question 53. Who were the ‘Big Four’ of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?
Answer: The ‘Big Four’ of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 were the USA, England, Italy, and France.

Question 54. When did the ‘World Economic Depression’ take place?
Answer: The ‘World Economic Depression’ took place in 1929.

Question 55. When was the ‘Hoover Moratorium’ announced?
Answer: The ‘Hoover Moratorium’ was announced on 20th June 1931.

Question 56. In which year, did Benito Mussolini form his Fascist Party?
Answer: Benito Mussolini formed his Fascist Party on 23rd March 1919.

Question 57. When did Mussolini become the Prime Minister of Italy?
Answer: On 30th October 1922, Benito Mussolini became the Prime Minister of Italy.

Question 58. What was the title adopted by Benito Mussolini?
Answer: Benito Mussolini adopted the title of Duce’ meaning ‘one leader’.

Question 59. Name the country where Kaiser William II took asylum.
Answer: Kaiser William II took asylum in Holland.

Question 60. What was the symbol of the Fascist Party?
Answer: The symbol of the Fascist Party was ‘Fasces’ or a bound bundle of wooden rods.

Question 61. Who was known as the ‘Fuehrer’?
Answer: Adolf Hitler was known as the ‘Fuehrer’.

Question 62. Who led the Socialist Democratic Party in Germany to abolish the monarchy in Germany and set up a temporary republican government?
Answer: Friedrich Ebert led the Socialist Democratic Party in Germany to abolish the monarchy and set up a temporary republican government.

Question 63. Where was the Weimar Republic established?
Answer: The Weimar Republic was established in the city of Weimar.

Question 64. In which year Adolf Hitler joined the ‘German Workers’ Party’?
Answer: In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined the ‘German Workers’ Party’.

Question 65. What was the name of Hitler’s Nazi party?
Answer: The name of Hitler’s Nazi party was ‘National Socialist German Workers’ Party’.

Question 66. What was the name of the daily newspaper published by the Nazi Party?
Answer: The name of the daily newspaper published by the Nazi Party was People’s Observer.

Question 67. By what name was the German Parliament known as?
Answer: The German Parliament was known as the Reichstag.

Question 68. What was the the’Herrenvolk Theory’?
Answer: ‘Herrenvolk Theor/ was a concept of the Nazis who regarded the Nordic or the Aryan races to be the predominant one amongst the Germans and other Northern European people and they were regarded as the highest in racial hierarchy.

Question 69. Name the book containing Hitler’s autobiography.
Answer: Adolf Hitler wrote his autobiography in the book named Mien Kampf.

Question 70. In which year was Mein Kampf published?
Answer: Mein Kampf was published in 1925.

Question 71. What was known as the ‘Gestapo’?
Answer: The ‘secret police of the Nazi Party was known as ‘Gestapo’

Question 72. Who headed the Gestapo?
Answer: Heinrich Luitpold Himmler headed the Gestapo.

Question 73. Who called upon Hitler to form the government?
Answer: The President of the German Republic, Hindenburg called upon Hitler to form the government.

Question 74. In which year President Hindenburg died?
Answer: In August 1934, President Hindenburg died.

Question 75. In which year Hitler declared himself the ‘Fuehrer’ of Germany?
Answer: In 1934, Adolf Hitler declared himself the ‘Fuehrer’ of Germany.

Question 76. In which year did Hitler become the Prime Minister of Germany?
Answer: Hitler became the Prime Minister of Germany in 1933.

Question 77. What symbol was there on the Nazi flag?
Answer: There was a black Swastika symbol on the Nazi flag.

Question 78. Who were called the ‘Storm-Troopers’?
Answer: The paramilitary force that was formed with the unemployed German youths who were entrusted with the task of guarding Nazi rallies and meetings and caused disruption in meetings of other parties were called the ‘Storm- Troopers’.

Question 79. In which year did the Spanish Civil War take place?
Answer: The Spanish Civil War took place in 1936.

Question 80. Who was Alfonso III ?
Answer: Alfonso III was the constitutional monarch of Spain who belonged to the Bourbon dynasty and used to run the country with the help of the parliament called ‘Cortes’.

Question 81. Who reduced Alfonso III to a titular head?
Answer: Primo de Rivera reduced Alfonso III to a titular head.

Question 82. Who formed the ‘Popular Front’ in Spain and when?
Answer: The Republicans, the Socialists, and the Communists formed the ‘Popular Front’ in Spain in the elections of 1936.

Question 83. Who dissolved the parliament in Spain and announced fresh elections (1936)?
President Jamora dissolved the Answer: parliament in Spain and announced fresh elections (1936).

Question 84. Where was General Franco exiled?
Answer: General Franco was exiled to the Canary Islands.

Question 85. In which year was the Weimar Republic established?
Answer: In 1919, the Weimar Republic was established.

Question 86. In which year General Franco seized full power in Spain?
Answer: In 1939, General Franco seized full power in Spain.

Question 87. Who was called the Caudillo of Spain?
Answer: General Franco was called the Caudillo of Spain.

• Chapter 1 Some Aspects Of The French Revolution LAQs
• Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire And Idea Of Nationalism LAQs
• Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas LAQs
• Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution: Colonialism And Imperialism LAQs
• Chapter 5 Europe In The 20th Century LAQs
•  Chapter 6 The Second World War And Its Aftermath LAQs

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 1 Some Aspects Of The French Revolution Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Why did the revolution first occur in France?
Answer:

On July 14th, 1789 the revolution in France started by storming the prison fort of Bastille, and the revolution lasted for ten years till 1799. The Ancien Regime that existed in France was based on medieval structure and was started to be criticized by the French people who had developed a rational outlook and were determined not to accept any measure or organization on an arbitrary basis.

The middle-class people of France were enlightened and inspired by the writings of philosophers like Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire and were prepared to give leadership to the revolution in France. The philosophers in France pointed out the political, social, and economic disparities that were prevalent in French society and also highlighted the evils of the Divine Right Theory of Kingship that were followed by the French monarchs.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Long Answer Questions

The French people also learned from the writings of the philosophers the concept of constitutional monarchy and the reforms that could be undertaken at the political and financial level to improve the condition of the people. The deplorable economic condition, the division of the French society, the burden of heavy taxation on the members of the Third Estate, and the poor agricultural and industrial structure of France leading to acute food shortage resulted in the outbreak of the revolution in 1789.

The Glorious Revolution (1688) in England and the American War of Independence also played important roles in the outbreak of the revolution in France in 1789. All these factors made the Revolution in France inevitable.

WBBSE Class 9 History LAQs On French Revolution Causes And Effects WBBSE Museum Of Economic Errors

Question 2. Discuss why France was called a “Museum of Economic Errors”
Answer:

France was called a ” Museum of Economic Errors”

The British Economist, Adam Smith in his book “An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” remarked that the French economy of the 18th Century, was a “Museum of Errors”, primarily because of its discriminatory and unjust structure of taxation. The wealthy and the privileged class of people belonging to the First and Second Estates paid only 4% of the tax in France while the major burden of 96% of the taxation rested upon the unprivileged class of people in the Third Estate.

The under-developed agricultural and industrial structure and the explosion in population resulted in acute food shortages and a high rate of inflation. The extravagant lifestyle of the Bourbon kings and queens, and their corrupt officials also contributed to the financial crisis in France. The means adopted by the royal contractors in realizing the revenues was unjust and these officials not only exploited the common people and the peasants they cheated on the royal treasury as well.

The huge borrowings of the French Government to meet the deficit finance, the inefficient administrative structure, the failure in the growth of trade and commerce, and the involvement of France in the overseas wars only resulted in the crumbling of the French economy in the 18th Century.

WBBSE Class 9 History French Revolution Detailed Answers WBBSE Ancien Regime

Question 3. What do you mean by ” Ancien Regime”?
Answer:

The term “Ancien Regime” refers to the primitive rule that existed in France before the Revolution of 1789. The system emphasized absolute monarchy and feudalism, the division in society and exploitation of the commoners, and the importance of the church and clergy. The Bourbon monarchs of France like Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI believed in the Divine Right Theory of Kingship and considered themselves as representatives of God on Earth and carried on their autocratic and tyrannical rule. Louis XIV converted royal power into an autocracy.

Louis XV was a butterfly king averse to hard work and he lacked native intelligence and moral discipline. Louis XVI was a prisoner of indecision and was dominated by his wife Marie Antoinette. French monarchy suffered due to its financial scarcity and bad handling of foreign policy. The government ran into high debt. In the Seven Year War, France suffered defeat and lost mastery of India and America. The French monarchy lost its face before its people by the defeat.

Before the revolution, only 4% of the burden of taxation was borne by the people of the First and the Second Estates though they enjoyed the maximum privileges in the society 96% of the tax burden rested on the Third Estates despite performing all the duties were denied all the privileges by the state. Moreover, they had to pay taxes in the form of ‘Tithes’ and ‘Corvee’ to the clergies and the aristocrats.

Although one-fifth of the agricultural land of France belonged to the church it never paid any revenue but collected taxes on grounds of religion, marriage, death, etc. They exploited the common people largely and even exercised great control over education and other social organizations. Hence, France was a Political Prison and Museum of Economic Errors during the Ancien Regine. To sum it up it must be stated that the French Revolution wanted to put an end to the “Ancien Regime” in France.

WBBSE History Chapter 1 Long Answer Questions And Solutions The Aristocratic Revolution In Pre-Revolutionary France

Question 4. Discuss the Aristocratic Revolution in pre-revolutionary France.
Answer:

Revolution In Pre-Revolutionary France

The economic crisis in France during the reign of Louis XVI prompted his Finance Minister Calonne to draw up a plan of Financial reforms. The reform measures were placed before the Parlement of Paris and the Council of Notables for approval, but unfortunately, the Council declined approval and the economic condition deteriorated further. The new Finance Minister Brienne suggested imposing taxes on the First and Second Estates and the king in desperation tried to compel the Parlement of Paris to implement the new taxation policy.

The Aristocrats who were accustomed to the fine privileges of exemption of taxes got infuriated at the idea of imposition of the new taxation policy and revolted. The Aristocrats stated that the king had no right to impose the new tax policy without the consent of the States-General, and if the king intended to abolish the power of the nobility then he should also give away his prerogative right.

The Aristocrats asked the king to summon the US States-General and the revolt they launched in 1788 is known as the Aristocratic Revolution. The Aristocratic Revolt is regarded as the first step of the French Revolution and thus it is aptly remarked that the ‘Patricians began the revolt and the Plebeians completed it’.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 1 French Revolution LAQs With Answers The Discriminatory Tax System In France Before The French Revolution

Question 5. Describe the discriminatory tax system in France before the French Revolution.
Answer:

The French Revolution

Before the outbreak of the revolution in France, the taxation system was discriminatory and unjust and the British Economist, Adam Smith described the French economy as the “museum of errors” The French society was divided into three estates namely Estate, Second Estate, and the Third Estate and while the first two estates were the privileged one the third one was unprivileged.

The French clergy and nobility comprising the First and Second Estates respectively owned 50% of the land-holding properties and bore just 4% of the tax burden while the unprivileged commoners of France bore the rest of the 96% of the tax burden. The tax collectors followed oppressive measures and practiced corrupt means to extort taxes from the commoners. Both direct and indirect taxes like Taille(direct), Tithes (religious), Vingtiemes or income tax, Capitation or production tax, and Gabelle or salt tax were collected.

Aides or taxes on wine and tobacco, Corvee, or labor tax were also imposed and the French peasantry that formed around 80% of the population had to pay the maximum amount to the royal treasury. Thus paying the high amount of taxes to the economy the peasants hardly had enough to meet their basic demands and this discriminatory taxation system contributed to the economic crisis in France.

Question 6. Why did the French people attack the Fort of Bastille?
Answer:

The infamous Fort of Bastille was the symbol of the autocratic rule of the French monarchs and its oppression of the common people. On 14th July 1789, a group of armed revolutionary mob attacked the prison fortress of Bastille, killed its governor Marquis de Launay, freed the prisoners, only a handful then collected ammunition, and finally burnt it.

Of the numerous factors that can be attributed as the causes of this attack, the primary one was the acute shortage of food from January 1789 followed by inflation, unemployment, discriminatory taxation policies, etc. The removal of the popular Finance minister of France, Necker by Louis XVI and deploying of troops at Paris and Versailles also generated public wrath. The intensity of the attack made the king, the aristocrats, and the government employees realize that the fall of the monarchy was certain and they contemplated fleeing from Paris.

Question 7. Why was the Constituent Assembly formed?
Answer:

The important members of the  Legislative Assembly like -Mirabeau, Barnave, Lafayette, Talleyrand, and Mounier drew up a written constitution of France in two years between 1789 and to1791. This group came to be known as the Constituent Assembly and the new Constitution was named The Constitution of 1791. The Constituent Assembly undertook certain administrative, judicial, economic, and religious reforms.

Influenced by the English Constitution it wanted the Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary to work separately, the Divine Right theory of kingship was replaced and the king of France was made the King of the French only thus putting an end to absolute monarchical power. A comprehensive economic policy was formed by the Constituent Assembly leading to the development of the economy.

A Judicial Council with elected representatives of people was constituted whose members were divided into Active and Inactive ones depending on their economic condition. The Constituent Assembly laid down rules to reconstruct the Galician Church and the “Civil Constitution of Clergy” was framed to bring the church under the purview of the state.

Question 8. How did the philosophers form public opinions in favor of the French Revolution?
Answer:

It is often considered that the famous philosophers and political thinkers like Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Diderot and the physiocrats like Quesnay and others paved the path for revolution in France.

The writings of these philosophers brought to the surface the negative impact of absolute monarchy and the ill effects of despotism, the social, political, and economic inequalities prevalent in French society, etc. However, historians are divided in their opinions while discussing the roles of the philosophers in favor of the French Revolution.

According to the Irish philosopher Edmund Burke French Revolution was the product of the conspiracies of the philosophers of the time and John Rude who also had similar views said that the irrationality and the anomalies of the French society came into open through the writings of the philosophers. It was the philosophers who transformed the outlook of the French people from spiritualism to rationalism and humanism and prepared the ground for them to execute the revolution.

David Thomson and a few others however emphasized that philosophers hardly played any role in the French Revolution for their writings were too superior for the common people to understand. At best it can be concluded by saying that the writings or preaching of the philosophers inspired and motivated the educated bourgeoisie and indirectly helped in the outbreak of the revolution of 1789 in France.

WBBSE Class 9 History Questions On Revolutionary Ideas In France WBBSE The Social Factors Behind The French Revolution

Question 9. What were the social factors behind the French Revolution?
Answer:

The French Revolution that broke out in July 1789 had several reasons behind it. One of the important factors behind the revolution perhaps was the division of French society and the exploitative nature of its government. Before the revolution of France, the society was comprised of the privileged classes belonging to the First Estate(clergies) and Second Estate (aristocrats) and the masses or unprivileged class or the Third Estate (common people).

Though fifty percent of the landed properties were owned by the members of the First and Second Estates they only paid 4% of the tax to the government and hardly performed any duties that would benefit the state, they enjoyed a life of luxury, and while the clergies extorted taxes from the common people for the church the aristocrats exacted corvee or free labor.

The members of the Third Estates paid 96% of the tax and hardly reaped any benefit from the state. The peasants who formed 80% of the French population paid 80% of their income as tax to the state and the amount that was left to him was hardly enough to meet his daily requirements. All these factors, along with the presence of enlightened middle-class people in the French Society contributed to its outbreak. These people hold the view that privilege in society could not be acquired by way of birth only and were influenced highly by the writings of the philosophers of the time.

Class 9 History long answer questions French Revolution WBBSE

Question 10. Discuss the chief features of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
Answer:

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was drawn up by the French Constituent Assembly on 26th August 1789.

The Declaration categorically mentioned that.

1. All men are born free and equal in their rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to any form of torture.
2. All citizens are equal in the eyes of the law and there is no place for arbitrary accusation, arrest, or detention.
3. None of the citizens can be disturbed on account of his views and religious beliefs.
4. The source of power rests on the nation and the tax burden must be borne equally by the citizens according to their capacity.
5. The property right is regarded as sacred and cannot be usurped without proper compensation.

The Declaration no doubt recognized the basic demands of the Third Estate but failed to provide any document on economic freedom, economic equality, and slavery. In short, it championed the three basic ideals of the French Revolution – Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity and brought to an end the monarchical absolutism in France.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History  Chapter 1

Question 11. What was the influence of the Glorious Revolution and the American War of Independence on the French Revolution?
Answer:

The influence of the Glorious Revolution and the American War of Independence on the French Revolution

The conflict between the Stuart kings and the British Parliament came to an end with the Glorious Revolution( 1688) that successfully enabled the establishment of constitutional monarchy and the sovereignty of the people of England.

Inspired by the Glorious Revolution and the writings of John Locke, French philosophers like Montesquieu Diderot, and Voltaire criticized the absolute monarchism of France and influenced the French people toward the revolution.

The American War of Independence which lasted for eight years from 1776 to 1783 had a much wider impact on the French population. Participation of France in this war to help America and crush England exhausted the treasury no doubt but it gave great exposure to the French soldiers who took part in the war.

Not only had they returned with revolutionary ideas they also realized that the major hindrance to any reforms in France was the presence of the clergies and nobles.

They realized the demerits of the administrative system prevalent in France and its disability to bring about any change and ultimately decided to revolt. Thus we can aptly mention the statement of Historian Alfred Cobban-“..the price to be paid for American independence was a French Revolution”.

WBBSE Class 9 Chapter 1 Long Answers For WBBSE French Revolution Notes Robespierre

Question 12. Write a note on Robespierre.
Answer:

Robespierre

Maximilian Robespierre born on 6th May 1758 at Arras was a radical Jacobin leader who played a significant role in the French Revolution (1789). He was a lawyer by profession and became famous for his altruistic views by 1788, worked for the poor, and warned the privileged class of people of the French society through his work, “Report for Lord Dupond” and against royal absolutism.

In March 1789 the citizens of Arras chose him as one of their representatives and his political career started at the age of thirty being influenced by Rousseau and other philosophers of the time welcomed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, advocated universal suffrage, petition rights, opposed the power of royal veto, racial and religious differences, and corruption among the ministers.

After the execution of Louis XVI France was faced with a terrible crisis through both internal and external forces, there was a high rate of inflation, a shortage of food, and the united attack on France by the other European nations like England, Austria, Prussia, etc.

Robespierre handled all these challenges and destroyed every opposition and rose to power it was under his leadership the period between 2nd June 1793 to 27th July 1794 became a” Reign of Terror” in France.

A large number of people were guillotined and ultimately the Girondins and some of the Jacobins rose against him captured him on 27th July 1794 and guillotined him on the following day (28th July 1794), thus bringing an end to Red Terror.

WBBSE Class 9 History LAQs French Revolution Solutions PDF September Massacre

Question 13. What is the “September Massacre”?
Answer:

10th August 1792 is considered an important date in the history of France and is regarded as the day of the Second Revolution in France as the days followed witnessed massive destruction and overthrow of the monarchy. Jacobin leaders like Danton and Marat searched for those who were the supporters of monarchy and stood against the Revolution. The actual killing began on September 2nd and continued till 6th September 1792 and any person who was suspected a royalist was put to death.

George Rude failed to provide any explanation for this incident. But Alfred Cobban stated that the fear of the foreign soldiers releasing the royalists caused panic and led to this mass killing. On September 2nd the citizens were asked at the Paris Commune to collect weapons for their protection.

Around 1200 people who were believed to be the followers of the monarchy and aided foreign invasion were killed This act of cruelty by the Jacobins was extremely disgraceful and hateful in French history.

WBBSE History French Revolution Detailed Analysis Class 9 LAQs The Results Of The Fall Of Bastille

Question 14. What were the results of the fall of Bastille?
Answer:

According to Goodwin, ” No other single event of the revolution had so many-sided and far-reaching results as the fall of Bastille”. The fall of Bastille on July 14th, 1789 marked the end of monarchy in France and the kings and nobles being greatly affected by the enormity of the incident were horrified and started leaving the country for England. The king had to reappoint Necker the popular Finance Minister and disperse the mercenaries from Versailles.

To bring back law and order the bourgeoisie advocated the idea of forming the commune and soon the “Paris Commune” or rule of Paris by its municipality was initiated. The National Guard was established to protect Paris from any possible danger by the first mayor Bailey. Immediately after the fall of Bastille, the revolution spread far and wide even in the villages of France.

Question 15. Clarify the three watchwords of the French Revolution.
Answer:

The three watchwords of the French Revolution

The three watchwords of the French Revolution were Equality, Fraternity, and Liberty which embodied the lofty ideals of the revolution and triumphed over the concept of humanism that came into being during the time of the Renaissance. The term Equality signified the end of privileges to the members of the clergy and the nobility and stated that every man is born free and is exposed to equal rights and all are equal in the eyes of law.

On 4th August 1789, feudalism was abolished and all the vexing taxes both direct and indirect were withdrawn. On 26th August 1789, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was drawn which provided the power of Liberty -people now have the right to express their opinion freely and have personal as well as religious freedom.

Liberty was never allowed to do things that were injurious to others, it put importance on people and not the French monarch as a sovereign power. Fraternity upheld the concept of brotherhood, thus uniting the people irrespective of their language or social status.

Question 16. How was Feudalism abolished in France?
Answer:

The flames of the French Revolution spread like wildfire to the rural areas of France and by 4th August 1789, a declaration was issued by the Constituent Assembly that abolished Feudalism in France. This was possible as a result of the enactment of certain laws which clearly stated the annulment of certain systems that were prevalent like the feudal lords were no longer allowed any inherited social and political privileges.

Serfdom was abolished. Any kind of feudal taxes, Corvee, or free labor became outdated. The manorial system, the church taxes like ‘Tithes’, and the preferential treatment of the aristocrats in government services ceased to exist. However, the feudal system did not come to an end in totality as some of the privileges still rested with the clergy and the nobility.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 1 Thermidorian Reaction

Question 17. What is “Thermidorian Reaction”?
Answer:

The “Thermidorian Reaction” took place after Robespierre the architect of the “Reign of Terror” was guillotined on 28 July 1794. The Reactionaries wanted to set up a conservative republic, devoid of centralized power, strict fiscal measures, etc. The terrorists were killed and the Paris Commune, the Reign of Terror, and one of the main organs the Committee of Public Safety were disempowered.

The Thermidorians introduced the “White Terror” to free the government and society from the remaining Jacobins. It was partially carried out by the Muscadin, a group of dandyish street fighters organized by the new government. The White Terror resulted in numerous imprisonments and several hundred executions among which many executions took place without a trial.

The prisoners who were not found guilty were released and there was a reorganization of the National Guards. In 1795 a new constitution was passed and the Directory was formed dissolving the National Convention. However, it must be admitted that though the “Thermidorian Reaction “was the outcome of the grievances of the middle-class people the regime that followed for 15 months was unpopular and failed to make any positive impact.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 1 Reign Of Terror

Question 18. Write a note on the Reign of Terror.
Answer:

To protect the Revolution and ensure the power to the Sans-culottes, the rule that was established by the Jacobins in the period between 1793 to 1794 under Robespierre is known in history as the ” Reign of Terror” The execution of Louis XVI by the National Convention on 21st January 1793 was followed by protests of the royalists and the war against the republican government of France launched by the coalition formed by the monarchical countries like Britain, Austria, Prussia, etc.

Further, there were problems of food shortage, inflation, the problem of unemployment, and others. Under such circumstances of internal problems and external attacks, the National Convention resorted to a strategy of terror to protect the country.

Any sort of opposition was brutally suppressed, black marketing and hoarding were strictly dealt with, control in prices of daily requirements, formation of a large military force, and ammunition factories were undertaken.

Around fifty thousand people were guillotined, and almost three lakhs were arrested during this period creating an atmosphere of extreme despair and fear and ultimately forced the moderate members of the Jacobins and the Girondins to capture Robespierre and his followers on 27th July 1794, and guillotine them on the following day marking the end of “Reign of Terror”. (28 July) i.e., 10th Thermidor.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 1 Tipu Sultan’s Relation With The Jacobin Club

Question 19. What was Tipu Sultan’s relationship with the Jacobin Club?
Answer:

Tipu Sultan was the son of a great ruler of Mysore named Hyder Ali who was continuously at war with the English East India Company. Tipu the brave Nawab of Mysore of the 18th century had his capital at Seringapatam.

Tipu was an ardent admirer of the European art of warfare which was based on teamwork and centralized command. To fight the English he joined hands with the French officers who considered the English as their arch-enemies.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 1 French Revolution simplified answers

Tipu came to know about the largest and the most powerful club in France, the Jacobin Club, and became one of its members. He planted the “tree of liberty” and accepted the proposal of the French soldiers to set up the Jacobin Club at Seringapatam in 1797.

Some advanced cannons and French army officers were sent to Tipu by the Jacobins to train and equip his army. Tipu also ordered a salute of 2300 cannons and 500 rockets to celebrate the occasion of setting up of the Jacobin club at Seringapatam.

Question 20. How did the French Constituent Assembly limit the powers of the king?
Answer: The Constituent Assembly in France established a constitutional monarchy. The king was the head of the constitution but he was no longer ordained with divine right. He became the King of the French who received a salary for his work. He had to perform his duties as the head of the state following the doctrine of separation of powers. The king was not in a position to declare war or sign a treaty with other countries.

He had no authority over the provincial governments and could not control the legislative and judicial bodies. The king had the Veto power through which he could only withhold a proceeding temporarily, but he was not given the power to abolish it.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 1 The Social Structure Of France Before The Revolution Of 1789

Question 21. Describe the social structure of France before the revolution of 1789.
Answer:

The social structure of France before the Revolution of 1789 was feudal comprising of the three classes or estates. The First Estate belonged to the clergy who occupied a position just below the king and owned 10 to 15% of the landed property of France. They were regarded as the privileged class who enjoyed exemption from taxes by way of their birth and enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle.

They were so corrupt that the wealth of the church which came in the form of tax on religion or ‘Tithes’ did not serve the poor but was usurped by the upper clergy. They also imposed taxes on marriage, birth, death, etc. to meet their selfish motives.

Next to the clergy was the French aristocracy that formed the Second Estate and enjoyed as many privileges in the society. They also owned large portions of landed properties in France, were exempted from tax, and had no obligations toward the state. It was this French aristocracy who first started the revolt in France when their privilege of exemption from tax was being threatened.

In France all except the clergy and the aristocracy, the rest of the population comprising the middle class, peasants, workers, and Sans-culottes formed the Third Estate. The middle class who were the wealthiest members of the Third Estate were much superior in every respect from the aristocracy and yet belonged to this unprivileged group and nurtured a deep feeling of wound.

The peasants who formed nearly 90% of the Third Estate had to work for themselves and the landlords and paid a large number of taxes like tailles, capitation, gabelle, etc. The Third Estate was the most exploited class in French society paying 96% of the tax burden while the other two estates together contributed just 4%.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 1

Question 22. How far were the Bourbon monarchs responsible for the French Revolution? What was the Brunswick Manifesto?
Answer:

The French monarchy which was feudal in form was based on the centuries-old accumulation of a feudal relationship between the king and the First and Second Estates and the rest of the population belonging to the Third Estate.

At the time of the Revolution of 1789, France was under the rule of the Bourbon Dynasty who believed in the Divine Right Theory of Kingship and absolute monarchy. They became so high-handed that the States-General which was a representative assembly was not summoned for 175 years after 1614.

The tyrannical Bourbon king Louis XIV went to the extent of declaring-” The state! It is me” Afterward, after him Louis XV issued legislation arbitrarily and got France engaged in overseas wars ignoring the condition of the royal treasury. Louis XVI who was the Bourbon monarch during the time of the Revolution lacked personality, was autocratic and whimsical, and was largely influenced by his Queen Marie Antoinette. His weak character failed to check the prevalent corruption and privileges of the aristocracy.

The presence of corrupt law and order, the administrative machinery of the state, judicial inefficiency, discrepancy in tax structure, and the extravagant lifestyles of the Bourbon monarchs collectively contributed to the outbreak of the revolt.

Louis XVI attempted to bring back the monarchy in France with aid from other countries in Europe. In 1792 when the Sans-culottes attacked the royal palace of Tuileries the king wanted to flee with his wife. It was believed Louis XVI at that time was in liaison with foreign powers like Austria and Prussia against his countrymen.

In 1792, the Austro-Prussian general, Duke of Brunswick issued a manifesto that threatened France with severe consequences in case of any insult or injury to the members of the royal family. This is called the Brunswick Manifesto.

WBBSE Class 9 Chapter 1 Long Answers For WBBSE French Revolution Notes Chief Causes Of The French Revolution

Question 23. What were the chief causes of the French Revolution?
Answer:

Many factors contributed to the outbreak of the Revolution in France 1789-social, political, and economic being the primary ones. Before the revolution, French society was divided into three estates namely the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (aristocrats), and the Third Estate (common people) where the first two enjoyed all the privileges, performed hardly any duties to the state, and enjoyed tax exemption.

On the other hand, the Third Estate who bore 96% of the tax burden and denied any privileges naturally nurtured extreme hatred which was enough to culminate in a revolt. The unequal taxation system, shortage of food, high rate of inflation, and unemployment problems were some of the major economic reasons leading to the outbreak of the revolt.

The extravagant and luxurious lifestyles of the Bourbon monarchs and the participation of France in wars drained the royal treasury and to meet the deficit finance increased taxes were imposed upon the Third Estate which they resented greatly.

The weakness of the Bourbon monarchs made the members of the First and Second Estates corrupt and increased the frustration of the common people. The law and order and the judiciary too were not free from corruption.

The French middle class which was much more enlightened than the middle-class people of other countries of Europe could see through the hollowness of the administration. They took up the work of organizing and leading the people towards the revolution.

Last but not least it was the role of the French philosophers like Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot, and others who prepared the intellectual atmosphere for the people of France to undertake an event of so major importance -the revolution of 1789.

Question 24. What was the main conflict of the Royalty with the Third Estate in France? Discuss the effect of this conflict.
Answer:

The main conflict of the Royalty with the Third Estate in France

The States-General which was constituted of the representatives of the three estates of the French society was not summoned for 175 years from 1614. King Louis XVI was forced to reconstitute the French Parliament due to pressure from the members of the Second and Third Estates and elections were held on January 1789. The States-General was summoned for the purpose.

The conflict arose on the question of proportional representation to the States- General. Though the Third Estate constituted more than 90% of the population, they were allowed to have a single representative from a given area and the First and Second Estates were likewise allowed one representative each.

The number of members for the three estates was 308, 285, and 621 respectively thus leaving a major area of difference. It was the rule that the Third Estate members had one vote and the First and Second Estates also had one vote, which created dissension among the members.

All these enabled the members of the Third Estates to realise that they had gained no social and political benefits by way of meeting at the States-General, the conflict between the king and the aristocrats would not produce any positive result for them.

The king who felt threatened posted the army at the States-General and closed it down. This incident annoyed the Third Estate members greatly and they assembled at the king’s Tennis Court and took the Oath of not getting separated until the constitution of the kingdom was adopted. The intensity of the incident forced the king to give in to the demands of the Third Estates and declare the writing of a new Constitution of France.

Question 25. Why was the States-General summoned? What was its result?
Answer:

The States-General, the assembly that was responsible for passing legislation in France was summoned by the Bourbon monarch Louis XVI after about 175 years on 12th June 1789. During this time France was going through a great economic crisis and immediate fiscal reforms were the call of the hour.

Finance Ministers like Turgot, Necker, Calonne, and Brienne proposed various measures that suggested getting away with the age-old tradition and privilege of exemption of taxation of the Aristocrats. This raised severe objections from the Aristocrats and Queen Marie Antoinette.

Aristocrats antagonized them to such an extent that they soon resorted to a revolt in 1788. They argued that the king had no right to impose such taxes without the consent of the States-General and that in case the king wanted to abolish the privileges of the nobility he had to give up his prerogative rights too. This revolt of the Aristocrats is regarded as the first step to the revolution.

All the members of the three estates who met at the Royal Palace of Versailles on 5th May 1789 brought their memorandums and complaints known as ‘Cahiers’ along with them. But soon the members of the Third Estates realized the futility of this meeting at the States-General and conflict arose on the grounds of unequal sharing of votes.

The Third estate comprising more than 90% of the total population was allowed to have one representative from a given area and the First and Second Estates were also allowed to have one representative each. This created upheaval and finally, the king posted the army at the States-General and closed it down.

This incident infuriated the members of the Third Estate who gathered at the king’s Tennis Court and took the oath not to be separated until the Constitution of the kingdom was adopted. The bourgeoisie thus got their recognition through this incident and the king had to give in by confirming their demand of writing of a new Constitution in France.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History  Chapter 1

Question 26. What were the contributions of the philosophers on the eve of the French Revolution? Who were the Physiocrats? Who was the French ruler during the time of the French Revolution?
Answer:

The contributions of the philosophers on the eve of the French Revolution

Many factors contribute to give rise to an event as important and remarkable as a revolution. On one hand, the social, political, economic, and religious causes provided the backdrop to the revolution of 1789 in France, the intellectual atmosphere for the event was a product of the preaching of the philosophers.

Before the revolution in France, the mental environment was prepared by famous thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot through their work. These thinkers denounced absolutism and the Divine Right Theory of Kingship wanted equal social, economic, and political rights for all.

Mention must be made about the books like ‘The Spirit of Law’, ‘The Persian Letters by Montesquieu, ‘Candide’ and ‘Philosophical Dictionary’ by Voltaire, and ‘The Contract Sociale’ and ‘General Will by Rousseau in this regard. The 35-volume Encyclopedia by Diderot also made the French people rise against the clergy, the aristocracy, and the old social structure of France. Historians are divided in their opinions about the contribution of the philosophers in the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1789.

While Edmund Burke felt that the revolt was the outcome of the efforts of the philosophers, Rude pointed out that it was through them that the true picture of French society, the existing inequalities, and anomalies were revealed.

However, David Thomson disagreed with these views of the direct influence of the philosophers. He argued that the actual causes behind the revolt were political and economic. The uneducated people of France were far from understanding the writings of the philosophers. It was only an educated few among the Bourgeoisie and the Aristocracy who could comprehend their writings.

The word ‘Physiocrats’ refers to the French Economists and it was under the leadership of Quesnay and Turgot that the Physiocratic School of Thought was established in France. The Physiocrats condemned the feudal rights and privileges enjoyed by the members of the First and the Second Estates and resisted the concept of controlling the country’s economy, trade, and industry by a single class of society. Louis XVI was the French monarch at the time of the Revolution of 1789.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 1 The Role Of The Women In The French Revolution

Question 27. What was the role of women in the French Revolution? State the laws that were made to improve their status in French society.
Answer:

Historian Carlyle in his book,’ The French Revolution had praised the French women for their active participation in the revolution of 1789 from the very beginning. When the Fort of Bastille was attacked on 14th July 1789 the brave and daring female population of France encouraged the revolutionaries, on 5th October 1789 affected by the acute food shortage and indifference of the king marched through the highways of Paris to Versailles shouting for their demand for ‘Bread’.

The women also participated actively when the Jacobins stormed the Palace of Tuileries on 10th August 1792 and imprisoned the king and his family. They also played a significant role at the National Convention and supported the abolition of Absolute Monarchy in France.

To raise their demands several clubs were formed in France and the women took up the pen to write on their issues through newspapers. In 1791, Olympe de Gouges, a daughter of a butcher wrote a book, ‘The Rights of Women’, where she specifically mentioned the equal rights of women.

The Constitution of 1791 cut down the rights of women and during the ‘Reign of Terror,’ their participation in politics and their clubs were banned. Though Napoleon granted the status of a second-class citizen to the women in France, their movement for voting rights, wages, and liberation continued. It was only in 1946 that they finally received their right to vote. The revolution had a deep impact on the lives of the French women. Their ankle-length skirts were replaced by short and tight skirts and capries and they also started wearing red hats.

The Revolutionary Government also stated a few laws to benefit the French women- Compulsory schooling or education for women was undertaken, training for jobs or small business was made available, and the girls were free to marry on their own choice. Divorce law came into force allowing both the men and women to avail this law according to their needs.

Question 28. Discuss the work of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:

The work of the Constituent Assembly

In two years i.e., from 1789 to 1791 the important members of the legislative assembly namely Mirabeau, Barnave, Lafayette, and others came up with a new Constitution – the written Constitution of 1791.

The Constituent Assembly brought about reforms in

1. Administration
2. Judiciary
3. Economy
4. Religion.

Administrative Reforms:

Following the English Constitution, the three bodies namely the Executive, Legislative, and the Judiciary were separated and the king who remained the Constitutional head was denied his previous privileges and divine authority. The king now became a mere representative of the French people and the country was divided into Provinces, Cantons, and Communes for efficient administrative work.

Judicial Reforms:

A Judicial Council comprising 745 members was formed for two years. The members of the council were divided into two namely Active and Inactive or Passive depending on their financial condition and these members were elected representatives of the people. The king could exercise his Veto power to stall any proceedings temporarily but he was not given the right to abolish it.

Further, all men were regarded equal in the eyes of the law, the feudal lords could no longer carry any judicial functions, trial without jury was abolished and people were given the right to appeal to the higher courts for judicial redressal.

Economic Reforms:

The Constituent Assembly produced a comprehensive economic reform program to rejuvenate the crumbling French economy. The wealth and properties of the Church were confiscated, an industrial guild was formed, economic freedom was achieved and a uniform tax structure was created, all indirect taxes were abolished, taxes were imposed only on foreign trade and exempted from internal trade and commerce, ‘Assignat’ or notes of exchange were issued.

Religious Reforms:

The most important achievement of the Constituent Assembly in this regard was the reconstitution of the Galician Church. By issuing the Civil Constitution of Clergy’ the church came under the control of the state, church properties were confiscated, and the bishops and clergies not only became salary holders of the government they were also to be elected.

There was a total ban on the illegal activities of religious organizations. However, the Constituent Assembly had certain shortcomings. Firstly the administrative system suffered due to curtailment of the power of the king and the corruption of the ministers. The concept of voting based on wealth was unjust, the complete separation of powers of the executive and legislative was unwise.

The assembly favored the Bourgeoisie class greatly and choosing executive, legislative, and judicial members through election only often made way for incompetency. Historian Carlyle described the Constituent Assembly as the -Government of the foolish, by the foolish and for the foolish’.

Question 29. Describe the role of the mass in the French Revolution. Why is the attack on the Palace of Tuileries regarded as the ‘Second Revolution’?
Answer:

The Role of the Masses in the French Revolution

Acute shortage of food, inflation, unemployment problems, and the indifference of the king towards the problem of the Third Estate resulted in an environment of agitation among the common people of France and they were in a desperate search for change.

The fortress prison of Bastille that stood for the autocratic rule of the French kings was attacked by the masses on 14th July 1789, marking the beginning of the French Revolution. The fall of Bastille created such an atmosphere of fear that the King and his council of nobles contemplated fleeing to England.

This incident heralded the birth of liberty all over the world and had a far-reaching significance, marking the end of absolute monarchism in France, encouraging the peasants to rise in revolt, and putting an end to feudalism.

Paris Commune or rule of Paris through the municipality was constituted and the city was divided into Cantons for administrative efficiency. The National Guard was formed to protect the city. The other cities also followed the example of running the administration through municipalities like Paris.

The peasants of France who suffered under feudal rule realized the futility of the meeting of the States-General and the fall of Bastille and similar other violent incidents in different parts of France encouraged them to rise into a rebellion.

The rumor of the ‘Great Fear” that was unleashed was another provocation to the peasants. The rumor that spread narrated that criminals would be sent to the villages by the nobles to destroy the peasantry. Faced with such a situation along with their economic crisis the peasants rebelled against their feudal lords, burnt their manorial houses, and achieved in putting an end to feudalism.

On 5th October 1789, angered by hunger and acute shortage of food the common people of France marched through the highway from Paris to Versailles shouting for ‘Bread’ and sieged the Royal palace. When Louis XVI and his family attempted to escape from France the people now openly wanted to replace the monarchy with a republic. On the morning of 10th August, the Jacobins stormed the Palace of Tuileries, destroyed the Swiss guard holding the king hostage, and finally imprisoned him at the fort of Temple.

This dethronement of the king virtually translated France into a Republic. The Legislative Assembly was dissolved along with the dissolution of monarchy and historians like Lefebvre termed this incident as the “Second French Revolution”.

It is believed that internal crisis and fear of foreign invasion were the important causes that prompted the people of France to put an end to the monarchy. A newly elected assembly called the National Convention was constituted based on the universal voting right and on 20th September 1792 this Convention declared France a “Republic”.

Question 30. What was known as the Directory? What were the causes behind the fall of the Directory?
Answer:

Directory

After the fall of Robespierre and the Jacobins in 1795 the members of the National Convention drew up a new constitution for France, and a new Government known as the ” Directory” came into being.

The supreme executive power of the Directory was vested upon five persons namely Baras, La Ravelliere, Letourner, Raubel, and Carnot who were elected for five years by the Legislature. It had looked into the political and economic aspects of France, put an end to the excesses of the Reign of Terror, stopped mass execution, and eradicated the ultra-radical views of the time.

The Directory included a bicameral legislature with the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundreds. The former consisting of 250 delegates over 40 years of age had the power to veto or accept any proposed legislation and the latter consisting of 500 delegates over 30 years of age had the right to propose legislation.

However, it must be admitted that the Directory was a fatal experiment in weak executive powers and it largely suffered from corruption. The Directors themselves were divided on many issues and failed to draw up any uniform plan of action and engaged themselves in malpractices like accepting bribes.

The sufferings of the common people and the peasants increased manifold during their rule and it was only a handful of wealthy bourgeoisie who benefitted in this period. The royalists and the reactionaries who were elected to the legislature nurtured the idea to sabotage the government. General Pichegru the president of the Five Hundred checked those plots and intrigues by the use of force.

The Second Coalition that was formed in Europe as a result of the attack of the Directory on the Helvetic Republic of Switzerland and the Tiberian Republic of Italy also landed France in the face of a great challenge. Thus the political instability that was created in France due to internal crisis and foreign aggression resulted in the rise of a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 1 The Results Of The French Revolution

Question 31. What were the results of the French Revolution?
Answer:

Historians consider the Revolution of France in 1789 as one of the most significant events in human history which left a far-reaching impact not only on Europe and the New World but also on the world at large. In the long term, the French Revolution made its impact felt in shaping the social, political, and religious views of people for over a century.

It not only brought an end to absolute monarchy and end of privileges to the nobles and clergies it put into force the concept of choosing their government by every nation. The French Revolution proclaimed the equality of citizens in the eyes of law, freedom of thought and faith, and freedom of speech and developed the idea of a people’s republic. The Revolution successfully suppressed feudalism in France and brought in the emancipation of the individual.

The concept of civil equality and sovereignty of the nation gave birth to a progressive socio-political system that was devoid of the exploitative machinery of the state. The revolution of 1789 made the Conservative powers aware of further revolutionary outbreaks.

It did inspire revolutionary movements in almost every country in Europe and South and Central America. The people of Europe now started entertaining the ideas like -nationalism, democracy, liberalism, and fraternity.

Last but not least important aspect of the Revolution was its importance on the sovereign will of the people. It brought before the world that no government could exist without the support of the people.

Question 32. Who were the Girondins and the Jacobins? What were the causes of the downfall of the Jacobins?
Answer: The Girondins and the Jacobins were the two important political parties in the National Convention that played a significant role in the French Revolution of 1789. The representatives of the Girondins mostly came from the Gironde region of France, they shared radical views, hated the privileges enjoyed by the First and Second Estates, and believed in liberal economic policy. Some of the Girondin leaders were Jerome Petion, Condorcet, and Brissot.

The Girondins who drew their support from the provinces were opposed to the ideas of anarchy, lawlessness, and violence. The Jacobin club drew their support from the Parisian mob comprising the people belonging to the poorer section of society like the shopkeepers, artisans, cooks, daily wage earners, etc and the most famous leader of this club was Robespierre. As the members of this club used to hold their meetings in the church called “Jacob” they came to be known as the Jacobins.

The Girondins and the Jacobins were staunch supporters of the Revolution and Republic. The Jacobins who hated aristocracy and monarchy favored the idea of the execution of King Louis XVI while the Girondins were against this.

The Girondin and the Jacobin conflict rose to a great height on 2nd June 1793, when the Jacobins were able to banish the members of the Girondins from the National assembly and brought France under their suzerainty.

Coming to power the Jacobin leaders like Marat, Danton, and Robespierre unleashed a ‘Reign of Terror’ to strike fear in the minds of the royalists. The Committee of Public Safety, The Committee of General Security, and the Revolutionary Tribunals became the primary organs of their rule. The ‘Law of Maximum’ and the ‘Law of Suspects’ became the order of the day. Hundreds and thousands of people were arrested and guillotined based on mere suspicion.

The fall of the Jacobins was a result of multiple factors. First of all the Jacobins were divided amongst themselves, the Reign of Terror unleashed such atrocities that the people lost faith in them, and the common people felt that the Jacobin rule threatened both their lives and property.

Robespierre even started to put control on the religious life of the people which seriously hurt their sentiments. The party’s fixing of the wages for the laborers raised their anger too. Thus the Reign of Terror by the Jacobins intended to strike terror and carry on administration in France dug its own grave by losing public support and sympathy.

Ultimately to stop the Reign of Terror the bourgeoisie launched the White Terror a counter-revolution on the Jacobins, resulting in the execution of Robespierre on 28th July 1794, paving the path for the Thermidorian rule and later to the rule of the Directory.

Detailed Solutions for WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 LAQs

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Idea Of Nationalism Long Answer Questions

Question 1. Write in short about how Napoleon came to power in France.
Answer:

Napoleon came to power in France

A new Government known as the Directory came to power in 1795 in France after the end of the Reign of Terror (1793 to 1794) but the Directory was not efficient enough to handle the dangers it was facing and entrusted Napoleon Bonaparte an able general to resolve all the problems.

Early in his life, Napoleon welcomed the French Revolution, he completed his education in the military academies of Paris and Brienne and joined the French artillery at the age of 17 as a Lieutenant. He successfully regained the Toulon Harbour from the English in 1793 and rose to the post of Brigadier. Further, on 5Ih October 1795, he saved the National Convention from the attack of a rowdy mob with the help of his soldiers and got elevated to the post of a Major General and was entrusted with the charge of the internal army of the French and the responsibility of commanding the troop to Italy.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Long Answer Questions

The chaos and disorder that was rampant at the time of the Rule of the Directory caused great disappointment among the French and taking advantage of this chaotic condition, Napoleon overthrew the rule of the Directory on 9,h November 1799.

A new system of administration known as the Consulate was established where the whole authority to rule the country rested on Napoleon who became the First Consul. In 1802, Napoleon became the Consul for life, and in 1804 by a Senate-proposed plebiscite, he became the Emperor of the French.

Question 2. How did Napoleon become the Emperor of the French?
Answer:

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Napoleon Became The Emperor Of the French

Napoleon Bonaparte was born on 15th August 1769, in Corsica, and after completing his education in the military academies of Paris and Brienne, he joined the French artillery in the post of Lieutenant at the age of 17. During the rule of the Directory (1795 to 1799), his military efforts saved France from attacks from other European countries and he was elevated to the post of a Major General in France.

Prompted by the prevalent lawlessness and chaotic condition and the frustration of the French on the Rule of the Directory provided Napoleon the opportunity to put an end to the Rule of the Directory on 9th November 1799. He introduced a new administrative system known as the Consulate and then became the First Consul for ten years.

He signed the Treaty of Amiens with England and broke the Second European Coalition that was formed against France and this gave him huge popularity among the French people. Enthused by all those events in 1802, he revised the Constitution and made himself the Consul for life.

In 1804 by a plebiscite sponsored by the Senate, he assumed the position of the Emperor of the French and successfully established another dynastic monarchy in France. Later he stated —‘ I found the Crown of France lying on the ground and I picked it up with my sword.’

Detailed Answers For Wbbse Class 9 History Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Idea Of Nationalism

Question 3. What were the causes of the success of Napoleon?
Answer:

The causes of the success of Napoleon

The Reign of Terror was followed by the Rule of Directory (1795 to 1799) in France which failed to solve the prevalent task of meeting the challenges it was facing. This disappointed the French people largely who were tired of lawlessness, chaos, disorder, and bloodshed and wanted to find a savior who would put an end to this anarchy.

It was in this situation Napoleon Bonaparte who joined the French artillery as a Lieutenant and rose to the post of Major General through his successes in saving France from the attack of the other European countries dared to overthrow the rule of the Directory on 9,h November 1799.

Napoleon’s personality, his ability as a soldier, his ambition and political foresight, and his confidence earned him great popularity among the French. His policy of administration through the Consulate also earned him fame among the common people of France as he followed the principle of Authority from above and confidence from below’.

Napoleon’s respect for the ideals of revolution especially equality and fraternity also attracted the attention of the people who soon put their trust in him. The Treaty of Amiens with England and the destruction of the Second European Coalition against France helped him to get the support of the French and subsequently helped him to rise to power.

Finally, it has to be mentioned that the despair that loomed large after the Revolution of 1789 was ended by Napoleon through his revolutionary ideas, unique techniques of warfare, unscrupulous ambitions, and opportunist mentality. According to Riker–‘ It was hope that made the Revolution, it was despair that led it at the feet of Napoleon”.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2  Question 4. Can Napoleon be called the ‘ Child of the Revolution’?
Answer:

‘Napoleon himself, even in his wildest moments of renunciation, always acknowledged his debt to the Revolution’ George Rude ‘Revolutionary Europe 1783-1815’, Napoleon Bonaparte supported primarily the two ideals of the French Revolution namely equality and fraternity and destroyed the ideal of liberty for he believed that the French loved equality and not liberty.

He called himself the ” Child of the Revolution ‘and tried to give equality to all through his most important and glorious achievement, ‘Code Napoleon’. The Code provided equality in legal matters, religious tolerance, abolition of feudal privileges, individualism, recognized rights to property, uniform taxation policy, etc. Career was open to talents and every individual irrespective of his birth could attain high posts based on merit and qualification.

Napoleon was regarded as ‘ the sword of the Revolution’ for wherever his troops went the ‘Ancien Regime’ collapsed, feudalism was destroyed, the hegemony of the Church was curbed and the middle class and the peasants received support. Although he respected the three ideals of the French Revolution, he truncated one of its most important aspects- Liberty, believed in absolute monarchy and established his empire with his despotic outlook, centralized the administrative types of machinery of the Government, had absolute control of education, destroyed individual freedom and freedom of press and speech and sent his critics to prison arbitrarily.

The judicial and executive powers were vested upon him and he lived a life of luxury in the palace of Tuileries like the Bourbon Monarchs. Thus, to achieve power he became unscrupulous and killed the principles of the revolution to meet his selfish motives. According to Trotsky Napoleon himself destroyed the revolution through his military power.

Revolutionary Ideals Explained For WBBSE Class 9 History Students Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Idea Of Nationalism

Question 5. What was Code Napoleon?
Answer:

Code Napoleon

Before the Revolution of 1789, France had as many as 360 laws which were contradictory and arbitrary at the same time. At the time of the National Convention and the Directory efforts that were made to achieve a uniform civil code were not successful and when Napoleon came to power he appointed a Commission with four eminent lawyers who worked tirelessly for four years and finally drew up a set of laws in 1804, which was christened in 1807 as ‘Code Napoleon’ by Napoleon Bonaparte.

The Code was comprised of 2287 articles and provided equality in legal matters, endorsed religious tolerance, individualism, abolition of feudalism, right to property, and so on. Careers were open to talents and no individual was deprived based on his birth. The Code helped to achieve a uniform taxation system. Code Napoleon became so famous that later many countries in Europe adopted its main precepts.

The Code emphasized Roman laws no doubt but brought authoritarianism along with it. The women were demoralized by making them subservient to men -denying them the rights to family property, individual earnings, and the right to charity, etc. The Code even deprived the workers of their power to bargain and form trade unions. No doubt the Code Napoleon touched upon all the aspects of French life yet it went against the two ideals of the Revolution- Liberty, and Equality.

Idea Of Nationalism Class 9 History Battle Of Trafalgar

Question 6. Write a note on the Battle of Trafalgar.
Answer:

The Battle of Trafalgar took place between the naval powers of England and France on 21″ October 1805 and in this battle, France was completely defeated by the British fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson. For a long France and Britain were going through a tiff as Britain refused to hand over Malta to France according to the Treaty of Amiens. Napoleon’s appeal to Britain to take action against their press which was spreading wrong ideas about him fell on deaf ears and that too infuriated Napoleon.

In 1803 the British navy confiscated a commercial vessel of France and in retaliation, the French government imprisoned around 1000 British travelers who visited France. Napoleon also captured Naples and Hanover and gathered a large army at Boulogne to attack England.

The Spanish fleet that wanted to join the French was prevented by Admiral Nelson and the battle that ensued was a disaster for France. England’s victory at Trafalgar not only made her the undisputed master of the seas it also made Napoleon realize that he would never be able to defeat England in a direct war and he also gave up the idea of defeating the English navy.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 7. What was Napoleon’s role in German unification?
Answer:

Napoleon’s role in German unification

Napoleon’s expeditions had indirectly ignited the fires of nationalism in the conquered territories like Germany. Napoleon started exercising great control over Germany after defeating Austria and Prussia and started reorganizing the country which was at that time suffering greatly due to an internal crisis. Germany was divided into 300 small kingdoms which were part of the Holy Roman Empire and Napoleon reorganized them into 39 states and established a Federal Diet with a majority of the Protestants.

Napoleon formed a monarchist kingdom with Bavaria and a few nearby kingdoms and formed the States of Wurttemberg and Baden as vassal states of France. He also formed the Confederation of the Rhine with Bavaria, Baden, Wurttemberg, Saxony, and 28 other small states. The kingdom of Westphalia was formed with Hanover, Brunswick, and Hesse, and parts of Poland and Russia were brought under the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.

Napoleon introduced his land reform measures and Code Napoleon to rule the country efficiently but indirectly his measures gave birth to the concept of Pan -the German nation. According to Lipson, Napoleon was the real creator of modern Germany.

Idea Of Nationalism Class 9 History Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Idea Of Nationalism

Question 8. How did Napoleon unite Italy?
Answer:

Napoleon’s imperial reconstruction was felt most strongly in Italy. Napoleon defeated repeatedly the kings of the Habsburg dynasty of Austria who ruled over northern and central Italy and this naturally brought great changes there. He won great successes in 1796-97 in his Italian invasions. Milan and Lombardy were transformed to the Cisalpine Republic during the rule of the Directory and in 1805 it became the kingdom of Italy with Napoleon as the king.

Tuscany, Piedmont, and Genoa came under French rule and in 1809 the papal kingdom and the regions on the Adriatic coast also accepted the supremacy of the French. King Ferdinand II of the Bourbon Dynasty was also ousted from Naples and it now came to be ruled by France.

Napoleon put an end to feudalism in Italy and established the ideals of the French Revolution. He also abolished serfdom and many of the unjust taxes like a religious tax from Italy and eradicated the privileged class from the Italian society.
To modernize Italy, Napoleon asked his brother Joseph whom he made the ruler of Naples, to introduce Code Napoleon.

Question 9. What is ‘Legion of Honour’?
Answer:

Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour is the highest French order of merit for military and civil achievements. In 1802, Napoleon introduced this special title to honor people with exceptional talents both civilians and military personnel. This special title of honor was conferred to distinguished artists, writers, scientists, and army generals.

Though it was introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte the later French governments retained this order of merit. The followers of the Legion wore a small white enameled cross hanging on a red silk ribbon as a symbol of public gratitude. From India, Satyajit Ray, and Soumitra Chatterjee received the Legion of Honour from the French Government.

Napoleonic Empire WBBSE Napoleon’s Russian Campaign

Question 10. Analyse Napoleon’s Russian campaign.
Answer:

By the Treaty of Tilsit( 1807), Napoleon Bonaparte of France and Czar Alexander of Russia entered into a friendly relationship which unfortunately did not last long, and very soon Napoleon turned against the Czar as the latter refused to follow the terms of the Continental System. As a result in 1812, Napoleon collected around 6,75,000 strong soldiers from nearly 20 countries of Europe such as France, Holland, Poland, Austria, Prussia, Italy, and Switzerland, and built his “Grand Army” and launched an attack on Russia.  26th June 1812).

The Russian troops instead of combating Napoleon’s army in open warfare, kept, retreating deep into the country and following the “Scorched Earth” policy destroyed roads and bridges, burnt houses, crops, farms, towns, food, clothes, etc and poisoned water supplies, thus making the situation extremely vulnerable for the Grand Army.

It was only in Borodin, that Napoleon achieved success but he lost as many as 30,000 of his soldiers too. At Moscow, the Russian General followed a new tactic and lured the French army to chase the Russians into the interiors of Russia, and again following the “Scorched Earth” policy left the Grand Army in a deplorable condition.

Napoleon along with his army waited at Moscow anticipating the Czar’s appeal for peace but that never happened for the Czar by that time had shifted his base to St.Petersburg and made preparations to attack the “Grand Army”. Last, but not least the inclement weather, particularly the severe cold of Russia and the breakout of the disease “Typhus” brought disaster to the French army. When Napoleon ordered his army to withdraw from Moscow on 19 October, less than 10000 soldiers were left.

Napoleonic Empire WBBSE Consequences Of Napoleon’s Invasion Of Russia

Question 11. What were the consequences of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia?
Answer:

Napoleon’s expedition to Russia in 1812 with his “Grand Army” not only ended in a failure it also left a far-reaching impact. First of all, Napoleon failed to assess the new military tactics that were adopted by the Russian Genera! Kutuzov and it was only after reaching Moscow he understood their real strategy. But it was too late then and the Russian policy of Scorched Earth, the disease typhus, and the inclement Russian weather especially the severe cold dwindled Napoleon’s Grand Army to less than 10000.

The Russian campaign thus destroyed not only his military strength it also the glorious and invincible image of Napoleon. His failures inspired his enemies and the countries of Central Europe united themselves to achieve independence and liberation.

The Russian and the Prussian armies together also started a war against France to achieve their independence. The expenses of war being high Napoleon used to impose taxes on the common people of France who resented it very much. The failure of Napoleon encouraged them to raise their voice against French exploitation and they rose against Napoleon.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 12. Why did the people of the Iberian Peninsula oppose Napoleon?
Answer:

The popular rise that took place in Portugal and Spain against France in 1808 is known in history as the Peninsular War. To fight against the French both Portugal and Spain who were suffering greatly took the help of the British troops under John Moore and Arthur Wellesley and launched a combined battle against Napoleon.

On signing the Berlin Decree, Napoleon compelled the king of Portugal to suspend trade relations with Britain who was her ally. When Portugal refused to accept this term Napoleon secretly made a treaty with Spain and attacked Portugal, thereby earning the wrath of the Portuguese people Spain not only did Napoleon expect to own its navy he also expected the support of the common people for his campaign.

He removed the king of Spain Charles IV, his son Ferdinand, and minister Godoy and established dynastic rule of his family by making his brother Joseph Bonaparte the king of Spain. This infuriated the Spaniards and hundreds and thousands of peasants and the common people of Spain joined the army to fight the French menace.

The revolutionary organization Junta with its center at Cadiz, sprang up in different regions of Spain and dedicated themselves completely to fight against Napoleon and his army. Succumbing to the opposition of the Spanish people Joseph Bonaparte had to leave Spain forever. Ultimately in 1814, Arthur Wellesley with the help of the Spanish guerrillas defeated the French in the Peninsular War.

Class 9 History Nationalism And Napoleon Concordat Of 1801

Question 13. Write a note on Concordat of 1801.
Answer:

The agreement that Napoleon made with the Pope in 1801 is known as the Concordat and according to Historian Cobban, The concept was a great victory for Bonaparte and a master stroke of policy. Immediately after the Revolution of 1789, there was the reconstitution of the GalicanChurch by the Constituent Assembly, and the church was made subservient to the state through the ‘Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

This naturally gave birth to a bitter relationship between the Pope and the State which came to an end when Napoleon signed a treaty with Pope Pius VII in 1801, to achieve not just a religious benefit but a major political advantage. By the Concordat of 1801, the rights of the Church were kept intact and the Pope got back the right to appoint Bishops of his choice and all the clergies would receive their salaries from the state and take an oath of loyalty to the state. Catholic religion could be practiced freely in France and a major civil war in France on the grounds of religion was avoided.

Sunday was declared a day of holiday in France by the wish of the Pope and the spirit of religious tolerance and the dependence of the Church on the state resulted in creating an atmosphere of peace and unity in France. To put it in the words of Napoleon himself, “Skillful conquerors do not get entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them.”

Class 9 History Nationalism And Napoleon Orders In Council

Question 14. What do you mean by, Orders in Council?
Answer:

The Orders in Council of 1807 were issued by the Privacy Council of the United Kingdom in retaliation to the Berlin Decree ( 1806) and Milan Decree (1807) of Napoleon by which the whole of the British Isles and her colonies were put under blockade. Napoleon warned the neutral countries not to enter into the ports of Britain and her allies and all the goods seized from the British and the neutral vessels were burnt.

By implementing the Orders in Council, Britain in turn imposed a blockade on France and her allies. Britain also prohibited the neutral countries from importing goods from France or her allied ports or colonies. If any country failed to abide by this norm their commodities were captured and confiscated. If any neutral country wished to establish commercial relations with France, they had to first visit a British port and secure a license for payment of a very high amount of money.

Significance Of The Treaty Of Tilsit

 Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 15. What is the significance of the Treaty of Tilsit?
Answer:

The Treaty of Tilsit 1807 was signed between the Russian Czar Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte of France and a friendly relation was established between the two which unfortunately did not last very long. According to Riker, Tilsit was in a sense, the turning point of his (Napoleon’s) fortunes.

The Czar entered into the treaty as he wanted to divide Turkey and occupy Constantinople with Napoleon’s help. But he soon realized that Napoleon had no such intentions of dividing Turkey and his disillusionment with the treaty began. Napoleon also provided no help to Russia during her war with Turkey and Sweden.

It became evident to the Czar that Napoleon was only trying to reduce Russia to a vassal state. The Treaty of Tilsit helped destroy the Third European Coalition against France and glorified the image of Napoleon who could now channel his energy and attention towards the Western Front.

He was able to keep Russia as a neutral power and successfully divide Prussia into Westphalia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. The efforts of the exiled Prussian patriot, Stein who was at that time residing in Moscow, and the British ambassadors convinced the Russian leaders and the Czarto to join anti-Napoleon forces. As a result, the Czar decided to reconsider his treaty with Napoleon.

100 Days Rule Of Napoleon

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 2 important questions Question 16. Write about the 100-day rule of Napoleon.
Answer:

Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by his enemies on March 1814 and after signing the Treaty of Fontainebleau on 6lfl April he left France. Exiled to Elba, Napoleon was not discouraged instead he dreamt of getting back his empire and remained aware and alert of the prevalent situation in Europe and France.

After around ten months, on March 1815, he gathered around 1050 soldiers and occupied the throne of Paris. The moment he arrived Louis XVIII abdicated the throne and escaped to England. For 100 days from 20th March to 29th June 1815, Napoleon reigned in France with the support of the bourgeoisie.

After Napoleon’s defeat in March 1814, the Bourbon King Louis XVIII who ascended the throne of France was not well accepted by the middle class and also the peasants for fear of losing their benefits. The army disliked him for his pacifying tendencies and the peasants feared that once again feudalism and exploitation of the Church would resume under the rule of a Bourbon monarch. The emigrant aristocrats and nobles also returned to France and claimed their lost property.

Further, the people of France had little faith in the promise of Louis XVIII to maintain the status- quo, and the victorious allies met at Vienna and planned to bring back the pre-revolutionary situation in Europe. It was under such circumstances that Napoleon made a comeback.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 2 Treaty Of Campo Formio

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 2 important questions Question 17. Write a note on the Treaty of Campo Formio.
Answer:

The Treaty of Campo-Formio was signed between Napoleon Bonaparte and  Count Philip von Cobenzl as representatives of France and Austria on 18th October 1797. This treaty was followed by the armistice of Leoben, which was forced on the Habsburgs by Napoleon’s win in Italy. The Treaty put an end to the First European Coalition against France and left Great Britain alone fighting against France.

According to the Treaty, a Congress at Rastatt was held to negotiate a final peace agreement for the Holy Roman Empire. Secretly, Austria promised to work with France to certain ends at the Congress. The Treaty also brought to an end the Republic of Venice, which was disbanded and partitioned by both the French and the Austrians. However, the Congress failed to gain peace and on March 1799, France once again declared war on Austria.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 2 Nationalistic Reactions Against The Napoleonic Empire

Question 18. Give an account of the nationalistic reactions against the Napoleonic empire.
Answer:

In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte became the Emperor of France and established a large empire by conquering Germany, Italy, Holland, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Prussia, Denmark, and Naples. In these countries, he spread the lofty ideals of equality and fraternity of the French Revolution but denied the ideal of Liberty.

The entire concept of hegemony of one united nationalist the French over the other united nationalist ideas of Europe lead to a nationalist reaction against the Napoleonic Empire. Most of the conquered countries refused to accept the sovereignty of Napoleon and called him with hatred the Crowned -Jacobin for his aggressiveness.

The spirit of nationalism started developing fast and strong and the people of Spain even began organizing revolutionary councils and national guards. Their spirit influenced the Dutch, Germans, Swiss, Italians Poles, and others who started a formidable struggle for liberation. His attempts to destroy the local culture, tradition, and language freedom of individuals and establishment of French traditions and culture made him all the more unpopular.

The Germans also with the help of Prussia. Russia and Austria started their war of liberation at a time when Napoleon was consolidating himself in France. Teachers, students, peasants, nobles, and clergies in Germany were united in their fight against Napoleon. In short,t the autocratic rule of Napoleon paved the path for nationalist reactions in Europe.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 2 Orders In Council

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 19. Write a note on the Battle of Waterloo.
Answer:

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon stayed at Elba for about ten months and keenly observed the events and situation of France and Europe in 1815 he came to France and established his reign of 100 days (20’h March 1815 to 29th June 1815) with his faithful soldiers and with the support of the bourgeoisie. As soon as the news of his return spread the allies forgot all their differences and united themselves to crumble him completely.

The Allies condemned Napoleon for disturbing the peace and decided to launch an attack on France from three sides. The Allies organized the two armies under the Duke of Wellington and Marshall Blucher of Prussia. Marshall Blucher was defeated at Ligny while Arthur Wellesley gathered a huge army to launch an attack on Napoleon on the plains of Waterloo. On 18,h June 1815, Napoleon was defeated under the joint attack of the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian General Blucher.

Napoleon and his soldiers fought bravely but were completely defeated. In the Battle around 6000 Prussian soldiers, 13000 British soldiers, and 37000 French soldiers were lost. The Battle of Waterloo sealed the fate of Napoleon.

Revolutionary Ideals In WBBSE History Napoleon Was The “Child Of The Revolution And Destroyer Of The Revolution”

Question 20. Napoleon was the “Child of the Revolution and destroyer of the Revolution” Explain
Answer:

Napoleon Bonaparte supported Answer: primarily the two ideals of the French Revolution namely equality and fraternity for the people in France and destroyed the ideal of liberty in France because he felt that the French people were not yet ready for the liberty as promised by the French revolution but ready to endorse the idea of equality.

The Code Napoleon that he drew up rightfully accords him the title of “Child of the Revolution”. The Code provided equality to French citizens in legal matters, religious tolerance, abolished feudal privileges, recognized individualism and rights to property, uniform taxation policy, and other reforms ensuring equal rights for all. Careers became open to talents and every individual irrespective of his birth could attain high posts based on merit and qualification.

Napoleon is regarded as ‘the sword of the Revolution’ for wherever his troops went the ‘Ancien Regime’ collapsed, feudalism was destroyed, the hegemony of the Church was curbed and the middle class and the peasants received support. Although he respected the three ideals of the French Revolution, he truncated one of its most important aspects- Liberty, he practiced Absolute Monarchy centralized the administrative machinery of the Government, had absolute control over education, destroyed individual freedom and freedom of press and speech and sent his critics to prison arbitrarily.

The judicial and executive powers were vested upon him and he lived a life of luxury in the palace of Tuileries like the Bourbon monarchs. In the years following the imposition of the Continental System, his empire lost its earlier liberal look and assumed a despotic and coercive form. To retain power, he compromised on the principles of the Revolution to meet his imperialist ambitions.

According to Trotsky Napoleon himself destroyed the revolution through his military power. In 1804 Napoleon became the emperor of France, thereby reinstating monarchical rule in France. His rule gradually assumed the characteristics of a dictatorial regime.

By placing his family members in positions of high office Napoleon trampled on the democratic principles of the Revolution. Till 1809, Napoleon was indeed a Liberator carrying the flag of France and ideals of Revolution across Europe, namely Italy and Germany. But as soon as his conquests assumed an imperialistic overtone the Child of the Revolution became the ‘destroyer of the revolution’.

Revolutionary Ideals In WBBSE History Internal Reforms Instituted By Napoleon

Question 21. Discuss the internal reforms instituted by Napoleon.
Answer:

The internal reforms instituted by Napoleon

In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte became the Emperor of France through a Senate-proposed plebiscite and soon took charge of setting up an efficient administration and reforms.

His internal reforms can be divided into two categories

1. A centralized administrative system for the welfare of France
2. Reforms in the law and order system, education, economy, etc.

Napoleon used the Constitutional power of the Consulate and established a dictatorship in the guise of democracy in France—he denied the sovereign powers to the National Convention and stopped appointing government officials based on election, they were now selected through recommendation, and all public represented organization were terminated, press was censored, critics were imprisoned arbitrarily.

In short, all powers were usurped by him, and the lofty ideal of Liberty of the French Revolution was completely ignored. He provided equality and admired talents but refused to honor liberty. The most important achievement of Napoleon was the establishment of Equality in the French Society through his Code Napoleon which earned him the epithet, Justinian II. Code Napoleon comprising 2287 articles brought equality in legal matters, religious tolerance, abolition of feudalism, individualism, and recognition of rights to property.

To achieve economic progress in France, in 1800 he founded the Bank of France, ordered the government departments to reduce their expenses, started the system of audit in every government sector, did not impose further tax, and concentrated on the collection of the existing tax. He even gave the power to issue currency notes to the Central Bank of France. Napoleon also drew up an educational policy by which every commune had to set up a primary school, a teacher training school, and technical and military schools.

He also established around 29 Lycees or residential semi-military schools and founded the University of France in 1808. Many institutes were opened for carrying out research and higher studies. Napoleon also divided France into eighty-three departments where officers of the departments were referred to as

1. Prefects
2. Sub Prefects
3. Mayor etc.

He also established the Louvre Museum and built 229 military roads and Alpine roads. Napoleon brought reforms in religion too. By Concordat he also resolved the problem between the State and the Pope and allowed the French to freely practice the Catholic religion.

Apart from all these he also repaired and built the bridges, roads, parks, and palaces in France and introduced the system of conferring the title of Legion of Honour to exceptionally talented persons in various spheres of life both military and civilian. To put it in his own words Napoleon’s reforms were of greater significance than the forty wars he fought.

Revolutionary Ideals In WBBSE History The ImportanceOf Code Napoleon

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 22. Discuss the Importance of Code Napoleon.
Answer:

The most significant and glorious achievement of Napoleon was the formulation of Code Napoleon in 1804. The Code was divided into five parts namely Civil Code, Criminal Code, Commercial Code, Penal Code, etc.
Code Napoleon which was a synthesis of the French rituals and heritage of the French Revolution and Roman orders and customs was composed of 2287 articles.

Code Napoleon, championed the ideal of Equality of the French Revolution, ushered inequality in legal matters, freedom of thought and religion, abolition of feudalism, recognition of property rights and secularization of the states, and above all individualism. It guaranteed civil liberties and ensured that careers were open to talents irrespective of one’s birth. It protected the interests of the peasants and the Bourgeoisie.

Code Napoleon became the permanent legacy of the French Revolution and many countries of Europe adopted the main precepts of this Code Lefebvre had called this Code the “Bible of the French Society”. The Code however was not free from flaws

1. It strengthened authoritarianism
2. It undermined the status of the women in French Society— the women were made subservient to men by law,
3. The workers were not given bargaining power and trade unions were banned.

Despite its limitations, it has to be admitted that the Code Napoleon was simply a work of great achievement as it touched upon every sphere of French life. According to David Thomson, the Code Napoleon had put France on the road to the rule of law.

Idea Of Nationalism Class 9 history The Failure Of Napoleon

Question 23. What were the factors that contributed to the failure of Napoleon?
Answer:

The factors that contributed to the failure of Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte is regarded as one of the greatest generals of the world who rose to the position of Emperor from a Lieutenant by sheer dint of his ambition and talent. But his success was short-lived. Napoleon’s rise to power was essentially based on his military strength and not on political foresight. His unsalable lust for power and conquest brought disaster to him as he failed to achieve the natural allegiance of the people he conquered.

Napoleon’s empire was based on his military ability and he ruled the people through ‘ Dictatorship in the guise of Democracy’, ignoring the basic tenets of the French Revolution ( Equality, Fraternity, Liberty). As a result, the moment his military weaknesses were exposed, rebellions started occurring. His military strength fell short of the naval power of Britain and his army though largely consisted of Dutch, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and other European nationalities was not cohesive. This was a major demerit of his military force which he probably failed to realize.

The Continental System that he introduced against England also contributed to his fall. The nationalist uprising in Spain also spread its influence on other European nations and hastened the fall of Napoleon. It was admitted by Napoleon himself that the Spanish ulcer brought about his ruin. Napoleon’s Moscow expedition was yet another blunder in which he not only lost a vast majority of soldiers of his Grand Army it also gave a fatal blow to his military power and prestige.

Another factor that made his fall inevitable was his conflict with the Pope, as a result of which the Catholics started opposing him. The defeat in the Battle of Trafalgar, in the Battle of Nations, ruined his military image, and the myth of his invincibility was broken, thereby landing him in the face of an open challenge of the allies.

Finally, on 18″‘ June 1815, Napoleon’s fate was sealed in the Battle of Waterloo, where the Duke of Wellington and General Blucher defeated Napoleon and his soldiers. Napoleon was exiled to the island of St Helena where he breathed his last on 5th May 1821 at the age of 52.

Question 24. What do you understand by the Continental System? How did it contribute to the fall of Napoleon?
Answer:

Idea of nationalism Class 9 History Continental System

Realizing the invincibility of the British navy, in 1806 Napoleon decided to find an alternative way of attacking Britain through a policy of Economic Blockade. This policy known as the Continental System aimed to destroy the trade and commerce of England. To this effect Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree in 1806, to create a naval blockade against England.

The vassal countries were asked to stop the entry and movement of British ships around their ports. The Milan Decree of 1807 ensured that if any vessel of any country tried to reach England with commercial motives then it would be confiscated by France. He forced the European countries to participate in this blockade much to their inconvenience and dislike.

The Continental System of Napoleon ended in failure leading to a wide range of problems across Europe including France. Firstly, Napoleon needed a very strong navy to make this Economic Blockade against England successful, which he lacked. Secondly, British goods were cheap and easily available and met the daily requirements of the common people of Europe. As a result of the blockade the prices of essential commodities like tea, coffee, and sugar shot up leaving the people in the face of severe hardship.

This situation, naturally caused a huge consternation and the suffering countries now started disregarding the Continental System which in turn infuriated Napoleon who waged wars against Spain, Portugal, and Russia. Holland and even the Papal country. Napoleon’s attack on the Pope won him the wrath of the Catholics and the whole of Europe started condemning him for disturbing the peace as well as for the challenges they were facing.

The condition became such that the Allies now decided to unite and launch a combined attack against Napoleon. To be precise, the Continental System of Napoleon not only ended in a failure it also hastened his downfall.

Idea Of Nationalism Class 9 History Continental System

Question 25. Why did Napoleon introduce the Continental System?
Answer:

Continental System

Napoleon Bonaparte tried several times to defeat England in a direct war which ended in disaster. So he decided to adopt an indirect method to weaken Great Britain through a system of Economic Blockade or economic warfare. Keeping this idea in mind Napoleon introduced the Continental system in 1806. Napoleon believed that if the countries in Europe stopped having commercial relations with England her economy would be ruined.

So he issued the Berlin Decree in 1806 prohibiting the vassal countries from allowing the movement or entry of any British ships around their ports. The Milan Decree of 1807 declared that if any ship of any country tried to reach England that ship would be confiscated. Napoleon’s idea was that if the British goods were not exported, very soon she would be bankrupt, her factories would be ruined and the entire commercial community of England would suffer a terrible setback.

Napoleon expected that the Economic Blockade would break the backbone of the British economy and it would no longer be in a position to wage a war or help her allies. In reality, however, the Continental System strengthened the British economy and hastened the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 26. Why did the Continental System of Napoleon fail?
Answer:

Napoleon’s policy of striking the British economy through an ‘Economic Blockade’, is known as the Continental System which failed due to multiple factors- The Economic Blockade led to a great crisis in France itself and her economy suffered greatly. Prices of daily commodities soared high, there was retrenchment and unemployment problem and the French people had to bear the cost of war in the form of additional tax burden.

This made the people of France oppose the dictatorial rule of Napoleon. Most of the European countries who depended on Britain for their articles of daily use like tea, sugar, coffee, etc at a cheap price faced great hardship due to the Continental System of Napoleon. They became extremely agitated and decided to voice their protest against Napoleon.

The French Navy of Napoleon was no match to the British naval force who were regarded as the ‘Queen of the Seas’ and it became impossible for France to control the smuggling of British goods to different parts of Europe.

Spain and Portugal being tired of this French menace joined hands with England against France and it was the Spanish Ulcer that contributed largely to the fall of Napoleon. Further, Napoleon lost the support of the Catholics in Europe when he imprisoned the Pope and captured his kingdom for his refusal to accept the Continental System.

In reality, the Continental System strengthened the British economy for the blockade helped her in finding a market beyond Europe. Finally, when the Czar of Russia refused to abide by the Continental System of Napoleon, he made the most daring decision of his life by invading Russia in 1812 with his Grand Army.

His Russian expedition ended in a failure destroying his military power and personal image. Thus the Continental System of Napoleon was a great proof of Napoleon’s inability to be an astute statesman.

Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 2 Question 27. Why did Napoleon’s Moscow expedition fail? How did it contribute to the downfall of Napoleon?
Answer:

Napoleon Bonaparte undertook the Moscow expedition in 1812 with his Grand Army which failed due to various reasons- As a commander of the French army Napoleon made certain serious mistakes—

1. He did not make adequate arrangements before undertaking this expedition
2. He failed to assess the geographical factors like the vastness of the country and the inclement weather, especially the severe Russian cold
3. He did not make enough provisions for food, clothes, and war materials for the Grand Army in the belief that the war would be over in a short period.

The new war strategy and tactics of the Russian General Kutuzov baffled Napoleon’s army and the Grand Army was forced to enter deep into the interiors of Russia without having the faintest idea of the dangers that lay ahead.

The Russians followed the ‘Scorched Earth’ policy and destroyed roads and bridges, burnt food, crops, houses, towns, clothes, and everything, poisoned water, and lured the French soldiers to enter deep inside the Russian empire.

This dealt a severe blow to the Grand Army which suffered from many-sided attacks in the form of shortage of food, inclement Russian weather, and the threat of the Russian military onslaught.

While Napoleon was busy in Russia, two conspirators Malet and Lafon spread the rumor that Napoleon had died in Russia. Hearing this, Napoleon made an immediate return to France.

As a consequence, the myth of Napoleon’s military invincibility was shattered and the whole of Europe like Russia, Prussia, and England unitedly launched the ‘Battle of Nations’ against France.

People of France as well as the countries. conquered by France could no longer bear the ever-escalating tax burden to meet the war expenses of Napoleon and protested against such exploitation. The Moscow expedition is regarded as the ‘swan song ‘ of Napoleon’s imperialism.

Question 28. Give an account of the reactions of people against the Napoleonic Empire.
Answer:

Revolutionary Ideas Explained For WBBSE Class 9 History Students Reactions Of People Against The Napoleonic Empire

Napoleon Bonaparte became the Emperor of France in 1804 and built a huge empire by conquering Italy, Germany, Prussia, Russia, Holland, Switzerland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, and Naples. But his empire was short-lived and he had to face the nationalist uprisings of different countries conquered by him.

The people of the defeated countries never accepted Napoleon wholeheartedly and always regarded him as a foreigner.
The Spaniards got united against him formed the Juntas and refused to accept the dynastic monarchy that Napoleon wanted to establish in Spain by crowning his brother Joseph.

The spirit of nationalism infected the countries like Holland, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Switzerland. They all now started resenting the French rule.

At a time when Napoleon was busy consolidating himself in France, the Germans with the help of Russia, Prussia, and Austria staged their war of liberation. The people of Holland dethroned the Prince of Orange and the Italian provinces also started revolting against Napoleon.

The French also protested against Napoleon because of his policy of forced recruitment. Further, Napoleon lost the confidence and support of the Catholics of Europe when he imprisoned the Pope and occupied his kingdom in Rome. The whole Christian world condemned Napoleon for his imperialist outlook and tyrannical actions.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Long Answer Questions

Question 1. What were the factors responsible for the growth of nation-states in Europe?
Answer:

The factors responsible for the growth of nation-states in Europe

The concept of nation-states in Europe goes back to the Middle Ages when powerful monarchs established them in England and France. However, the nation-states and nationalism of the 19th Century had strong differences both qualitatively and fundamentally from earlier times. Several factors combined to provide the thrust to form nation-states in Europe in this period.

1. The decline of feudalism and the weakening of the feudal lords encouraged the monarchs to grow strong and pave the path for the development of nation-states.
2. The relationship between the Christian Church and the monarchs also changed and during this period the Church instead of challenging the monarchs provided them help and support.
3. The growth of the rich middle-class people who provided economic help to the kings further helped in the rise of nation-states. Thus a new political system was created which helped in the emergence of nation-states.

Question 2. Why was there a conflict between monarchical and nationalist ideals after 1815?
Answer:

The fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, gave birth to two contradictory ideals – the forces of conventionalism and the change or in other words the conflict between monarchical and nationalist ideals. To re-draw the map of Europe after the fall of Napoleon the powerful leaders of Europe met at the Vienna Congress in 1815.

Though the conference was organized to decide on the fate of the countries affected by Napoleon’s aggression in reality the leaders were guided by their self-interests. The Vienna Congress completely ignored the sentiments of the people and re-installed the age-old monarchies in the respective countries. (Bourbons in France).

The French Revolution struck a blow to the autocratic rulers, church, and feudalism on one hand, on the other reaped the ideas of democracy, nationalism, and liberalism.

The countries like Italy and Germany who suffered due to the arrangements of the Vienna Congress also developed a strong feeling of nationalism. Despite all these, the people nurtured a strong feeling for monarchy and the Republic that was formed after the French Revolution in France failed to come up as an alternative to the monarchy.

This contradiction between monarchical and republican ideals became all the more evident when the people of France and Europe rejected absolute monarchy and not monarchy as a concept.

Read And Learn Also WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Long Answer Questions

Question 3. What were the objectives of the Vienna Congress of 1815?
Answer:

The Objectives Of The Vienna Congress Of 1815

The downfall of Napoleon led to the international conference of the European powers at Vienna in 1815, which was attended by all except the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey.

The main purpose of this conference was

1. The Reconstruction of Europe
2. To establish peace and maintain the status quo
3. To compensate the countries affected by French aggression.

To achieve these, the leaders of the conference, headed by Prince Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria, adopted three basic principles.

1. The Principle of Legitimacy- this re¬introduced the pre-revolutionary era in Europe and reinstated the old monarchs and monarchies (Bourbon in France) who were driven out and deprived of their power; application of this principle also established the dominance of Austria over Italy and Germany.
2. The Principle of Compensation- this aimed to compensate the states like England, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Sweden who suffered greatly due to Napoleon’s aggression and at the same time rewarded those who allied to form a resistance against him.
3. The Principle of Balance of Power- this was aimed to ensure that neither France nor any other power in Europe became too strong to disrupt the peace and equilibrium.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Question 4. Explain the ” Principle of Legitimacy “
Answer:

Principle of Legitimacy

The first international conference of the world was held in 1815 in Vienna where all the European powers except the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey were present to discuss the reconstitution of Europe. The leaders of the Vienna Conference headed by Prince Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria agreed to adopt three basic principles

1. The Principle of Legitimacy
2. The Principle of Compensation
3. The Principle of Balance of Power.

The Principle of Legitimacy implied the restoration of the monarchs and monarchies who were exterminated by Napoleon or those who ruled before the Revolution in France(1789). As a result, the Bourbon Dynasty in France, Spain, Sicily, and Naples the Savoy Dynasty in Savoy, Sardinia, and Piedmont, the Orange Dynasty in Holland, and the rule of Pope in Central Italy were established.

Italy and Germany were brought under Austrian domination, Belgium was joined to Holland by force, and Norway was added to Sweden. In these cases, however, the Principle of Legitimacy gave way to the self-interests of the leaders of the Vienna Congress.

Question 5. Explain ” The Principle of Compensation”
Answer:

The Principle of Compensation

The first international conference of the world was held in 1815 in Vienna where all the European powers except the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey were present to discuss the reconstitution of Europe. The leaders of the Vienna Conference headed by Prince Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria agreed to adopt three basic principles

1. The Principle of Legitimacy
2. The Principle of Compensation
3. The Principle of Balance of Power.

The Principle of Compensation stated that countries like England, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden which had suffered heavily due to Napoleonic wars must be adequately compensated. In reality, however, it was the Big Fours who benefitted the most—Austria was compensated with Lombardy and Venetia of North Italy, parts of Poland, Tyrol, and the Illyrian provinces. Prussia received Northern Saxony along with Westphalia, the Confederate of the Rhine, and Poland.

The Grand Duchy of Warsaw was shared between Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It was from this period Russia made her influence felt in European politics and England obtained several military and trade centers outside Europe.

Question 6. Explain “The Principle of Balance of Power”
Answer:

The Principle of Balance of Power

The first international conference of the world was held in 1815 in Vienna where all the European powers except the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey were present to discuss the reconstitution of Europe.
The leaders of the Vienna Conference headed by Prince Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria agreed to adopt three basic principles

1. The Principle of Legitimacy
2. The Principle of Compensation
3. The Principle of Balance of Power.

The primary aim of this principle was to achieve a condition of peace and equilibrium in Europe. It also tried to ensure that France must be kept in control so that it did not disturb the European order created in 1815 in the coming years. To maintain the security of Europe, France was now encircled by some powerful states.

In the north of France, Holland was created by Belgium and England, the Rhine states were merged with Prussia in the eastern borders of France, Savoy and Genoa situated in the south of France to Piedmont worked as a buffer against France and in the south-east, a few French districts were added to Switzerland to create a strong front. These diplomatic steps against France by Austria adopted at the Vienna Conference made Alison Philips comment that ” Austria could swim like a fish in the sparkling whirlpool.”

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Question 7. In what ways was the Vienna Congress of 1815, successful?
Answer:

The Vienna Congress of 1815 was attended by almost all the European powers but it was essentially Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France who dominated it. Although in many instances, the reactionary leadership and their antipathy towards the contemporary trends (democracy, nationalism, liberalism), earned this convention many criticisms in the words of the famous historian David Thomson, “On the whole, it was a reasonable and statesmanlike arrangement.”

It was the first international conference of not only Europe but of the whole world ( only the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey did not attend this conference), and it was successful in establishing a period of peace for about 40 years in the European continent.

The Vienna Congress failed to fulfill the aspirations of the common people but it was successful in abolishing the system of slavery by passing a resolution. The principles of the Vienna Congress like Legitimacy’ and “Compensation” to a large extent helped in the reconstruction of Europe in the post-Napoleonic era.

Vienna Congress provided the basis on which the “League of Nations” and the “UNO” were formed in the times to come. Finally, the attitude adopted by the leaders of this Congress towards France for its aggression was followed more harshly by the future leaders at the time of the Treaty of Versailles towards Germany in 1919 for disturbing the peace in Europe.

Question 8. Write a note on the Holy Alliance(1815)
Answer:

Holy Alliance(1815)

The Holy Alliance was a coalition that linked the great powers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It was made at the behest of the pious ruler of Russia, Czar Alexander I, and signed in Paris on 26th September 1815. The main purpose of the alliance was to promote the influence of Christian principles in the affairs of the nations in Europe.

According to the terms of the “Holy Alliance ” all the kings of Europe will be united by the feeling of brotherhood, the kings would consider their subjects as their children rule them with love, and maintain peace and justice.

Alexander, I was perhaps influenced by the visionary Barbara Juliane von Krudener which prompted him to advocate the “Holy Alliance” The Prince of Britain, the Ottoman sultan and the Pope did not sign in this ” Holy Alliance”. Both Metternich of Austria and Castlereagh of Britain considered the “Holy Alliance” as an insignificant and ephemeral association.

Question 9. What were the results of the Metternich System?
Answer:

The results of the Metternich System

In the period from 1815 to 1848, the destiny of Europe was determined by the astute Austrian Chancellor, Prince Klemons von Metternich, and the oppressive measures adopted by him are known as the Metternich System. Metternich a reactionary and conservative leader by nature was a firm believer of autocracy, the divine right theory of kingship, feudalism, and the authority of the Catholic church.

He completely ignored the revolutionary ideals of the French Revolution (1789) like democracy, nationalism, and liberalism, and considered them as chaotic and anarchic. To check the spread of the revolutionary ideas and establish his conservatism and status quo, he had ably stalled Europe from getting younger by 33 years.

A conservative by nature he retained the old framework of Europe without making any age-appropriate modifications and tried to suppress those newly sprouted hopes and aspirations which were bound to succeed. Ultimately, Metternich who earned the title ” Father of European Conservatism”, failed miserably. In 1848, the February Revolution brought an end to the Metternich System and Metternich had to leave Austria and seek asylum in England.

Question 10. What were the results of the July Revolution of 1830 in France?
Answer:

The results of the July Revolution of 1830 in France

The declaration of the four autocratic ordinances by the Bourbon monarch Charles X in July 1830, led to revolts in France followed by the dethronement of Charles X and the proclamation of Louis Philippe of the Orleans dynasty as the constitutional monarch.

As a result of the revolt the monarchy that was established represented the people and upheld democratic ideas like equality, secular rule personal and constitutional freedom. The clergy, the aristocracy, and the nobility who used to enjoy unlimited privileges during the old regime were deprived of those rights.

The rich bourgeoisie gained more power and that is why the July Monarchy is also called the ‘Bourgeois Monarchy ‘. The July Revolution had its impact felt in many countries of Europe like Spain, Germany, England, Portugal, Belgium, Switzerland, etc., but it succeeded in meeting the expectations of only the Belgians.

However, it must be admitted that the July Revolution struck a blow to the Metternich System and paved the path for a greater Revolution in 1848. According to the great historian, Fisher, ‘the flying sparks set off by the great furnace of Paris, fell on the logs in Concert-ruled Europe’ the’ outcome of which was like a forest fire.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Question 11. How do you associate Raja Rammohan Roy with the July Revolution?
Answer:

The 19th Century witnessed the spread of the lofty ideals of the French Revolution namely democracy, nationalism, and liberalism to other countries of the world. Raja RammohonRoy, the “first modern man of India” was an ardent advocate of the French Revolution and was extremely happy to learn about the success of the July Revolution of 1830 in France. To him, the July Revolution marked the triumph of liberty.

He supported freedom everywhere and even went ahead to a French warship during his sea voyage to pay tribute to the national flag of France. Raja Ram Mohan Roy who was totally against monarchy and absolutism discussed with everyone the success of the French in the July Revolution. The new king of France, Louis Philippe not only accorded him a great ovation he also invited Raja Rammohon Roy for dinner with him.

Question 12. What was the significance and impact of the February Revolution of 1848 in France?
Answer:

The significance and impact of the February Revolution of 1848 in France

The February Revolution that took place in France in 1848 is regarded as one of the most significant revolutions that had taken place in the world. It started with the dethronement of Louis Philippe and the dismissal of his Prime Minister Guizot and the subsequent declaration of the “Second French Republic” by the Republican and the Socialist leaders. Lamartine became the president of the provisional republican government and a Constituent Assembly was formed based on universal suffrage.

As a result of the February Revolution the supremacy of the rich bourgeois was curtailed and the poor, ordinary people could exercise their political rights through universal suffrage. Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte was elected as the President of France for the next four years. Unfortunately, however, in December 1852, Louis Napoleon -established a monarchy and put an end to the “Second French Republic”. Louis Napoleon took the title of Napoleon 3 and established the “Second Monarchy” in France.

Question 13. What were the causes of the failure of the February Revolution of 1848 in France?
Answer:

The causes of the failure of the February Revolution of 1848 in France

The February Revolution of 1848 in France was a significant event in the history of Europe. This event marked the end of monarchy and the suzerainty of the republic In France. But the success of the February Revolution was short-lived and many factors contributed to its failure. The middle class who form the backbone of any revolution was not strong and stable in France.

The differences between the diverse races, and the varied national aspirations further weakened the movement. The absence of able leadership was yet another cause of the failure of the Revolution of 1848 The Revolution inspired nationalist movements in 15 countries of Europe like Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bohemia, etc but these nations failed to attain a strong feeling of unity among themselves. The fatal pandemic of “plague” also came in the way of the Revolution of 1848.

Question 14. Write a note on Mazzini and his ” Young Italy”.
Answer:

Mazzini

Born on June 22nd, 1805, a Genoese by birth, Giuseppe Mazzini the great revolutionary was the prophet of the Italian unification movement. He was opposed to terrorist activities and wanted to motivate the patriotic feelings of the Italians by arousing the youths upon whom he had immense faith. Keeping in mind his goal of unification of Italy, he founded the Young Italy in 1831, where any man up to the age of 40 could be a member.

Mazzini made the members of Young Italy understand that their religion and patriotism were inextricably intertwined and that to oust Austria from Italy they would depend on themselves and no foreign powers. He wanted the young members to spread the feeling of nationalism and patriotism across the cities and villages of Italy. Although Mazzini and his Young Italy failed to achieve their end but made a great contribution in making the Italians realize that their unification was not impossible.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Question 15. Write a note on the Quadruple Alliance.
Answer:

Quadruple Alliance

The Quadruple Alliance was a treaty that was signed by the Allied powers namely Austria, and Russia. Prussia and Great Britain on November 1815 at Paris. This alliance was made to prevent any recurrence of French aggression and oppose any moves made by Napoleon and his descendants to re-occupy the throne of France. They wanted to strictly maintain the peace situation which was agreed upon unitedly by them during the Vienna Conference.

To prevent any aggressive move by France, the Allied powers even agreed to engage 60,000 men in the field. The Allied powers also decided to meet occasionally to discuss European problems and strictly enforce the implementation of the decisions of the Vienna Congress. The Quadruple Alliance was the continuation of the Treaty of Chaumont of 1814 where the Allied powers promised to vanquish France and remain united for twenty years to keep France in control.

Question 16. What were the causes behind the rise of Balkan nationalism?
Answer:

The causes behind the rise of Balkan nationalism

The population of the Balkan region, a part of the Turkish empire comprised an amalgamation of different communities and races like the Greeks and Egyptians. Albanians etc. They had diverse religions(Christians and Muslims), languages, and cultures yet a sense of nationalism developed in them possibly being inspired by the French Revolution. The people of the Balkans were ruled through military force by their Turkish ruler which created bitterness among both the ruler and the ruled.

The Christians in the Balkan region were greatly oppressed by the Sultans of Turkey and naturally, they had no allegiance towards the Turkish empire. Later as the administration and the army of the Sultan of Turkey became weak the Balkan people severed their ties with Turkish rule and made attempts to establish individual sovereignty.

In the face of inhuman torture Greece revolted and became independent in 1830, Egypt in 1841, and Moldavia, Wallachia, and Serbia also achieved partial independence. The nationalist uprisings also spread across the regions like Romania, Bulgaria, Sarajevo, and some other areas of the Balkan region.

Question 17. Write in brief about Garibaldi’s contribution to the unification of Italy.
Answer:

Garibaldi’s contribution to the unification of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi, the lion-hearted patriot, was a loyal follower of Mazzini and a member of his Young Italy. In 1860 when the people of Naples and Sicily of Southern Italy rebelled against the reactionary rule of Francis II and approached Garibaldi to help them, he readily agreed.

It is said that Italy was united by the heart of Mazzini, the sword of Garibaldi, and the brain of Cavour. Garibaldi who was a great general was never in favor of any political compromise and emphasized the strength of blood and sword. The volunteers of Garibaldi, known as the ‘ Red Shirts’, led an expedition called the “Expedition of the Thousands” to Sicily.

Almost single-handedly he fought and united northern and southern Italy. His volunteer guerilla soldiers also captured Lombardy for Piedmont. Cavour who was apprehensive of the increasing power of Garibaldi prevented him from launching an attack on Rome. Garibaldi accepted Cavour’s proposal and handed all the conquered provinces to Victor Emmanuel II who later became the King of united Italy.

Question 18. Write a note on the Frankfurt Parliament.
Answer:

Frankfurt Parliament

The February Revolution of France in 1848 inspired nationalist movements in fifteen countries of Europe including Germany. The German nationalist leaders who were highly motivated established a Parliament in Frankfurt in 1848, where the members were elected through universal adult suffrage.

About 586 German representatives were elected and the Frankfurt Parliament was given the task –

1. To frame a constitution of Germany
2. To unite the people both in terms of political unity and liberty
3. Establish a government based on popular support instead of absolute monarchy.

The members of the Frankfurt Parliament offered the crown of a united Germany to Frederick William of Prussia. Frederick William declined this offer. On the contrary, Frederick William wanted to achieve the unification of Germany on his own and refused to accept the German crown as a gift from the representatives of the people.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Question 19. What were the similarities and dissimilarities between the July Revolution of 1830 and the February Revolution of 1848?
Answer:

The July Revolution of 1830 and the February Revolution of 1848, both of them took place in France. The impact of the July Revolution was felt beyond France in many of the countries in Europe, similarly, the February Revolution inspired nationalist movements in 15 European countries.

The July Revolution wanted to put an end to the autocratic rule of the French monarchs and establish a constitutional monarchy. The February Revolution wanted to put an end to monarchical rule and establish republican rule in France.

The July Revolution received the support of the wealthy bourgeois of France while the February Revolution was the movement of the common people and the intellectuals. However, both movements ultimately failed. However, the impact of the July Revolution lasted longer than the February Revolution.

Question 20. What were the causes of the Crimean War (1854 to 1856)?
Answer:

The causes of the Crimean War (1854 to 1856)?

The British historian, A.J.P Taylor argued that the Crimean War to a certain extent was predestined and had deep-rooted causes. The war started on the simple question of establishing the right to the Christian Church of Jerusalem by both the Greek Christians supported by Russia and the Roman Catholics supported by France.

On one hand lay the expansionist motive of the Russian Czar Nicholas I and on the other hand was the political ambition of Napoleon III who nurtured the idea of reviving the French glory by avenging the Moscow expedition of Napoleon the Great. The increasing desire of Czar Nicholas I to occupy Turkey alarmed all three European powers namely England, Austria, and France.

To maintain peace in Turkey and contain Russian expansion the “Vienna Note” was drawn by Austria, England, and France. The ” Vienna Note” acknowledged Russian authority on the Greek Orthodox Church in Turkey but at the same time asked Russia to withdraw her other claims on Turkey. Russia rejected the proposals rightly and as a consequence England and France declared war against Russia supporting Turkey. Thus began the Crimean War of 1854.

Question 21. Write a note on the Treaty of Paris. (1856)
Answer:

Treaty of Paris. (1856)

The Crimean War (1854 tol856) ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris between Russia on one side and France, Great Britain, Sardinia- Piedmont, and Turkey on the other hand. Austria who was preoccupied with her internal issues remained neutral and only rendered moral support to Turkey.

The sudden expiry of Czar Nicholas I created an atmosphere of peace leading to the signing of the Treaty of Paris. (1856).
Britain, France, and Austria took up the responsibility of maintaining the independence and territorial integrity of Turkey. Both Russia and Turkey returned to their conquered territories. Russia’s claim over the Greek Christians was removed and Russia was made to assure to stay away from the internal affairs of Turkey. The Sultan of Turkey also had to promise to improve the conditions of the Christians who were living there in Turkey.

Question 22. What do you know about Florence Nightingale?
Answer:

Florence Nightingale

The Crimean War (1854 to 1856) was fought between England, France, and Turkey on one side and Russia on the other side. At that time the conditions of the hospital in the Crimean peninsula were terrible. Hearing about this horrible situation, Sidney Herbert British statesman, asked Florence Nightingale to immediately rush to the war front to treat the wounded soldiers.

Florence Nightingale led a team of nurses and went to the front where she set up a clean hospital providing good medical care. Florence and her team worked very hard and saved the lives of many soldiers. Florence Nightingale is regarded as the founder of modern nursing. It is said that at night Florence went round the wards of the hospital, carrying a lamp in her hand and enquiring about the comforts of the wounded soldiers. For, this act of kindness the soldiers gave her the name, “The Lady with the Lamp”.

Question 23. Write about Greek nationalism and Philike Hetairia.
Answer:

Greek nationalism and Philike Hetairia

The ideals of the French Revolution namely democracy, nationalism, and liberalism inspired many European nations. Thus in the 19th Century, a Greek nationalist awakening took place, in which two great Greek scholars Adamantios Kores and Constantine Rhigas played a commendable role.

The secret -societies were formed and the cultivation of Greek language, history, and culture was initiated. HetairiaPhilike a secret society was formed by a Greek merchant called Skoufas in 1814, in the Russian city of Odessa for revolutionary movements. HetairiaPhilike set up many branches all over Greece and thousands of members enrolled in this society Prince Ypsilanti was its President.

Ypsilanti was however captured by the Turkish troop, in Rumania, a province of the Turkish empire while organizing a revolt and imprisoned in Austria. At last, it was in 1830, that Greece became independent.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Question 24. What were the reasons behind the abolition of serfdom in Russia?
Answer:

The reasons behind the abolition of serfdom in Russia

Russia in the mid-19th Century was under autocratic and feudal rule marked by ” tyranny, injustice, and corruption”. The society was divided into two groups, a few aristocrats and a large majority comprising almost three-fourths of the population peasantry; again half of the peasantry was composed of the “serfs”. ‘Serfdom’ which formed the basis of Russian social and economic structure existed nowhere else in Europe in the mid-19th Century.

The Russian serfs were subjected to acute oppression by their masters, deprived of all socio-political rights, and treated as personal property of their masters and all these tarnished the image of Russia and reduced their dignity to the outside world. The need for factory workers with the rise of Russian industries, the frequent peasant uprisings, and the writings of the intellectuals like Tolstoy, and Gogol about the miseries of the serfs provided impetus for the abolition of this system.

The need for abolition of this system became all the more evident after the Crimean War which depicted how the weak and poor serfs who served as Russian soldiers were a burden to the Russian empire. Finally, it was Czar Alexander II who realized the irrelevance of the system of serfdom and finally abolished it by signing the ‘Edict of Emancipation’ in 1861.

Question 25. Briefly discuss the Vienna Congress of 1815.
Answer: The downfall of Napoleon led to the convention of an international conference of all European powers (except the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey) at Vienna, the capital of Austria in 1815. Despite the pan-European nature of the conference it was the ‘Big Four’ namely Austria, Prussia, England, and Russia dominated the conference and Prince Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria presided over it.

The main participants of the Vienna Conference were King Francis I and Metternich from Austria, Czar Alexander I and Count Nesselrode from Russia, Prime Minister Castlereagh, and Arthur Wellesley from Great Britain and Frederick William III and Prince Hardenberg of Prussia and Talleyrand from France.

The primary objectives of the Vienna Conference were:

1. Reconstruction of the map of Europe was altered due to the aggressions executed to fulfill the imperialist motives of Napoleon.
2. The re-establishment of the pre – Revolutionary condition in Europe by bringing back the old monarchs and monarchies ousted by Napoleon
3. Compensation of the states affected by the Napoleonic wars
4. Maintaining the balance of power in Europe and preventing France from making any further resurgence

To give shape to these objectives three principles were adopted by the leaders of the Vienna Congress namely

1. The Principle of Legitimacy
2. The Principle of Compensation
3. The Principle of Balance of Power.

The Principle of Legitimacy,re-established the Bourbon rule in France, the Orange dynasty in Holland, Savoy dynasty in Sardinia -Piedmont but it failed to apply the policy judiciously everywhere. As a result, Italy and Germany were brought under Austrian domination, and Belgium was added to Holland by force -thus displaying the fact that the Principle of Legitimacy was largely guided by the self-interests of the leaders of the Vienna Congress.

The Principle of Compensation also rewarded the allies who were instrumental in bringing about the fall of Napoleon. Thus Austria acquired Venetia and Lombardy in North Italy, Tyrol, Illyria, and Salzburg, Prussia got 2/5th of Saxony,l/4th of Westphalia, Confederation of Rhine states, and Poland and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was shared among Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

The Principle of the Balance of Power was followed in such a way that France would not be able to disturb the peace and equilibrium of Europe. France was encircled by a security system joining- Belgium to Holland, the Rhine districts to Prussia, some of the south-eastern French districts to Switzerland, Savoy and Genoa to Piedmont.

The Vienna Congress was an event of great importance in the history of Europe. It failed to assess the prevailing trend of the time and ignored the lofty ideals of the revolution like democracy, nationalism, and liberty but never executed any vindictive measures over the vanquished power. An atmosphere of peace lasted for 40 years after this conference.

It is said that the Vienna Congress provided the base upon which the League of Nations and UNO were formed in the future. Finally, in the words of historian, David Thomson, the Vienna Congress made ” a reasonable and statesman-like arrangement.”

Question 26. Critically assess the Metternich System.
Answer: Prince Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria was a firm believer in conservatism, opposed to any kind of progress, and outrightly rejected the concepts of democracy and nationalism. He followed an oppressive system called the ” Metternich System” to maintain a position of status -quo in Europe and rejected any forms of reforms. He curbed the freedom of speech and press and imposed restrictions on schools and colleges to restrict the growth of any revolutionary ideas in Austria and Germany.

He followed the policy of ‘Divide and Rule ‘ to drive the people against each other in Austria and suppress the growth of nationalism. Following the Principles of Legitimacy Compensation and Balance of Power he was able to re-construct the pre-revolutionary period in Europe. He compensated the allies who helped to defeat Napoleon with territorial gains. He also ably managed to prevent France from making any resurgence and disturbing the peace of Europe.

Metternich a reactionary and conservative leader by nature was a firm believer of autocracy, divine right theory of kingship, feudalism, and the authority of the Catholic church. He completely ignored the revolutionary ideals of the French Revolution (1789) like democracy, nationalism, and liberalism, and considered them as chaotic and anarchic.

To check the spread of the revolutionary ideas and establish his conservatism and status quo, he had ably stalled Europe from getting younger by 33 years. Yet it must be admitted that he ensured a period of peace for about 40 years in Europe, leading to the development of culture and education.

The hegemony of Austria was also made possible because of his able statesmanship. He retained the old framework of Europe without making any age-appropriate modifications and tried to suppress those newly sprouted hopes and aspirations that were bound to succeed. Ultimately, Metternich who earned the title ” Father of European Conservatism”, failed miserably. In 1848, the February Revolution brought an end to the Metternich System and Metternich had to leave Austria and seek asylum in England.

Question 27. How did the conflict between monarchy and nationalism give rise to the July Revolution of 1830 in France?
Answer: The July Revolution of 1830 was a significant event in the revolutionary history of France. Following the Principle of Legitimacy, as adopted by the leaders of the Vienna Congress the Bourbon monarchy was re-established in France, much to the dislike of many who were opposed to absolute monarchy.

Louis XVIII ascended the French throne and soon issued a Constitutional Charter where he reserved the highest position for himself but completely ignored the interests of the common people. In the meantime, the aristocrats nobles, and clergies who returned to France rejected the ideals of revolution and demanded their past privileges, through the Ultra-Royalist Party.

Soon the Liberal and Republican parties opposed the Ultra Royalists and France was caught t in a situation of extreme contradictions. Assessing the prevalent situation Louis XVIII undertook the middle path and wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy in France. The reign of Louis XVIII was more or less peaceful but trouble arose after his death when his brother Charles X, a great reactionary assumed power.

Charles X abandoned the middle path followed by Louis XVIII and re-instated autocracy, aristocracy, and supremacy of the Catholic Church. Further, he appointed Polignac, a reactionary person as his prime minister. Charles X issued four autocratic ordinances on July 1830 in which he suspended the Constituent Assembly, banned the freedom of the press, changed the voting system, and announced a day of election by reducing the number of voters.

No sooner was the ordinances declared than the people of Paris rose in rebellion under Adolphe Thiers. This incident known as the July Revolution led to the dethronement of Charles X and the proclamation of Louis Philippe of the Orleans dynasty as the constitutional monarch of France.

As a result of the July Revolution, the attempt to re-establish the old regime in France failed and the wealthy bourgeois community gained power. The impact of the revolution of 1830 in France had its influence on many countries of Europe.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Question 28. What was the significance of the February Revolution of 1848 in France? Can it be considered a revolution that affected the whole world?
Answer: The February Revolution that took place in France in 1848 is regarded as one of the most significant revolutions that had taken place in the world.

It started with the dethronement of Louis Philippe and the dismissal of his prime minister Guizot and the subsequent declaration of the “Second French Republic” by the Republican and the Socialist leaders. Lamartine became the president of the provisional republican government and a Constituent Assembly was formed based on universal suffrage. As a result of the February Revolution the supremacy of the rich bourgeois was curtailed and the poor, ordinary people could exercise

their political rights through universal suffrage. Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte was elected as the President of France for the next four years. Unfortunately, however, in December 1852, Louis Napoleon reestablished the monarchy and put an end to the “Second French Republic”. Louis Napoleon took the title of Napoleon III and established the “Second Monarchy” in France. The February Revolution had inspired nationalist movements in 15 countries of Europe and historian Eric Hobsbawm felt that this revolution had a worldwide impact.

This argument can be contested based on the following reasons

1. The revolution was limited to Europe only.
2. The revolution was able to create a furor initially no doubt but it failed to sustain its success and in places like Italy Germany and some provinces of Austria the movements failed.
3. The extent of the movement was not the same in every part of Europe and each of these uprisings was guided by their motives.
   
4. The nationalist movements were yet to become strong enough to win a victory over their reactionary opponents.

In the end, it can be said that the legacy of the French Revolution(1789) that tried to re¬construct the socio-political framework of Europe had to a certain extent become successful by the establishment of the “Second Republic” after the February Revolution of 1848.

Question 29. What was the role of Count Cavour in the Italian unification movement?
Answer:

The role of Count Cavour in the Italian unification movement

The main figure behind the Italian unification movement was Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, an engineer by profession who later joined the ministry in Piedmont-Sardinia his birthplace, and in 1852 rose to the position of the Prime Minister. Cavour who was a strong believer of constitutional monarchy wanted to achieve the unification of Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel II the king of Piedmont- Sardinia.

He wanted to eradicate Austria from Italy and created international awareness on the question of the unification of Italy by regularly publishing articles in the journals of France and England. Cavour knew it too well that without foreign help unification of Italy was impossible and so he allied with the English and the French against Russia in the Crimean War. As a result, at the Paris Peace Conference, he raised the question of the Italian unification problem and won the sympathy of both France and England.

Cavour also concluded the Treaty of Plombieres with the French emperor Napoleon III in 1858 and when Austria attacked Piedmont-Sardinia in 1859, the French army seized Lombardy and Sardinia from Austria and gave it to Italy leading to united north Italian states.

Cavour also united the central states of Italy like Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Romana with Piedmont- Sardinia by popular votes and pacifying Napoleon III by giving him Savoy and Nice. Another referendum on 18th September 1860 led to the joining of the Southern states of Naples and Sicily to the northern states of Piedmont- Sardinia. Thus almost the whole of Italy barring Rome and Venice was united and in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the ” King of Italy”.

It was in 1861only Count Cavour had an untimely death at the age of 51. Later in 1866, when Austria was defeated at the Battle of Sadowa, Venetia became a part of Italy. In 1870 Italy supported Prussia in the Franco-Prussian war. When France was defeated in the Battle of Sedan it had to withdraw the French army from Rome. As a result, Rome came within Italy and fulfilled the dream of the Italian unification of Cavour, in 1870, almost after nine years of his death.

Question 30. Write a note on the Italian unification movement.
Answer:

Italian unification movement

The unification of Italy in 1870 was a matter of singular importance in the history of Europe. Napoleon conquered Italy in 1796 and brought it under one rule and as a consequence, a feeling of nationalism and pride in their glorious past awakened in the minds of the Italians.

The Austrian Chancellor, Prince Metternich reduced Italy to a mere “Geographical Expression” through the application of the principles of the Vienna Congress which hurt the Italian sentiments deeply and they became determined to unify their country by eliminating the foreign domination over them.

To achieve her objective, several secret societies were formed in Italy of which the” Carbonari” was the foremost—but lack of popular support, able leadership, and improper planning ended the terrorist rebellions of the “Carbonari” in a failure. After this, it was Mazzini, the great patriotic leader who had deep faith in the youths who rejected all acts of terrorism and formed his “Young Italy” with the same view of unifying Italy.

Mazzini tried to arouse public opinion and spread feelings of patriotism and nationalism among all but his efforts did not yield any immediate result. Count Cavour who was made the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia by Victor Emmanuel in 1852, led the unification movement of Italy.

Cavour realized that to bring about unification

1. Austria must be ousted
2. The question of the Italian problem must become an international issue.

Cavour wrote regularly in the journals of England and France, sided with these countries in the Crimean War, and won their sympathy for Italy in the Paris Peace Conference(1856). By signing the Treaty of Plombieres (1858) with Napoleon III he managed to earn his support against Austria and by the Peace of Villafranca (1859) Austria had to cede Lombardy to Piedmont. Cavour also united the Central Italian states like Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Romana with Piedmont by appeasing Napoleon III. (received Savoy and Nice).

In 1860, a great uprising occurred in Naples and Sicily against the reactionary Bourbon rule and the rebellions approached the ‘lion-hearted’ patriotic general and nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi for his assistance. Garibaldi with his volunteers the “Red Shirts” occupied Naples and Sicily which were then joined to Piedmont. Victor Emmanuel II soon occupied all the Papal states except for Rome.

Thus by 1861, almost the whole of Italy barring Venetia and Rome were unified and Victor Emmanuel II was declared the King of Italy. In 1866, after the Battle of Sadowa, Venetia was joined to Italy, and in 1870 after the Battle of Sedan, Roma was occupied by Italy. Thus the heart of Mazzini, the brain of Cavour, and the sword of Garibaldi ultimately led to the unification of Italy in 1870.

WBBSE Class 9 Fundamentals Of History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Question 31. How was the unification of Germany achieved by Bismarck?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck was appointed as the Prussian Prime Minister in 1861 by William I the King of Prussia. Bismarck a staunch supporter of monarchy despised democracy and wanted to achieve the unification of Germany through military expertise. He waged three wars in the period between 1864 to 1870 to attain the unification of Germany.

‘ In 1864, the war between Denmark and Prussia started on the question of Holstein and Schleswig, where Austria supported Bismarck and Denmark was defeated. By the Treaty of Gastein (1865), Schleswig and Holstein were ceded to Prussia and Austria respectively. Within two years of the war with Denmark ‘ disagreements started between Prussia and Austria and in 1866 in the Battle of Sadowa, Austria was defeated by Prussia resulting in the Treaty of Prague.

By this treaty, the German confederation that was formed in 1815 was nullified and Prussia organized the whole of northern and southern Germany under her leadership. However the Southern territories of Germany were still under French domination, and within four years after the Austro-Prussian War in 1870, a war between France and Prussia ensued which is known as the Battle of Sedan.

France was defeated by Prussia in this battle and the Treaty of Frankfurt was signed in 1871. By this treaty, France had to give Metz and Alsace-Lorraine to Prussia along with huge war indemnities. Thus the unification of Germany was attained by Bismarck and the king of Prussia became the emperor or ‘Kaiser” of unified Germany.

Question 32. What were the causes behind the Crimean War (1854)? State the significance of this war.
Answer: The British historian, A.J.P Taylor argued that the Crimean War to a certain extent was pre-destined and had deep-rooted causes.

The war started on the simple question of establishing the right to the Christian Church of Jerusalem by both the Greek Christians supported by Russia and the Roman Catholics supported by France. On one hand lay the expansionist motive of the Russian Czar Nicholas I and on the other hand was the political ambition of Napoleon III who nurtured the idea of reviving the French glory by avenging the Moscow expedition of Napoleon the Great.

The increasing desire of Czar Nicholas I to occupy Turkey alarmed all three European powers namely England, Austria, and France. To maintain peace in Turkey and contain Russian expansion the “Vienna Note” was drawn by Austria, England, and France. The ” Vienna Note” acknowledged Russian authority on the Greek Orthodox Church in Turkey but at the same time asked Russia to withdraw her other claims on Turkey.

Russia rejected the proposals rightly and as a consequence England and France declared war against Russia supporting Turkey, leading to the beginning of the Crimean War (1854 to 1856).

The Crimean War had great significance in the history of Europe.

1. In the very first place, it provided the foundation on which the unification of both Germany and Italy became possible.
2. It marked the end of Russian aggression in Turkey and in fact, Russia had to return to Turkey the Turkish regions which she had previously occupied.
3. It also left an impact on international politics. As Russia’s aggression was checked in Europe she now shifted her focus on Central Asia. This in its turn hampered the security and safety of the British Empire in India.
4. Internally too Russia became weak and disgusted by the weak but oppressive Czarist rule a large number of the Russian people revolted and insisted the government bring reforms.
5. It was as a result of such uprisings, finally, Czar Alexander II introduced some liberal reforms in Russia.
6. The growth of Balkan nationalism was also a result of the Crimean War.

Question 33. How was Germany unified?
Answer: The leaders of the Vienna Congress(1815) aimed to bring back the pre-revolutionary era in Europe as much as possible and as a result just like Italy, Germany was also divided into 40(nearly)small states, most of them in control of Austria. The customs union or Zollverein through which all the German states agreed to follow a uniform tariff policy laid the foundation stone of the unification of Germany.

spired by the February Revolution of 1848 e German nationalist feelings awakened and the German nationalists called for a Parliament of the representatives in Frankfurt. This Parliament framed a constitution to establish political unity and liberty and a popular government instead of an absolute monarch in Germany.

Then in 1862. King William I the king of Prussia appointed an able politician Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister who wanted to unify Germany by following both his blood and iron and coal and iron policy.

Between 1864 to 1870 he undertook three wars

1. The War with Denmark(1864)
2. The Austro- Prussian War(1866)
3. The Franco-Prussian War(1870).

In the Danish war. Bismarck managed to get Austria on his side and when Denmark was defeated she had to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria respectively. In 1866, the Austro-Prussian war arose out of certain disagreements between the two, and Austria was completely defeated by Prussia. As a result, the small German states in northern Germany came under Prussian control.

Finally, in the Battle of Sedan in 1870, France was defeated by Prussia. The Treaty of Frankfurt was signed in 1871 which ended the war. France gave Metz and Alsace-Lorraine to Prussia along with a huge war indemnity. Thus the dream of unification of Germany was achieved and William I became the “Kaiser” or emperor of unified Germany.

Question 34. What were the causes of the weakness of the Turkish empire in the 19th Century?
Answer: The Ottoman Empire which was named after one of their Amirs, Othman comprised of an extensive region including vast areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe. In the beginning, till the 15th to early 17th Centuries, the Ottoman empire was extremely strong but the decline started from the end of the 17th Century. Turkey being ruled by the Muslim clerics lagged behind the other European countries in all respects – social, economic, military, and administration. Turkey was a loose bond of various religious and ethnic groups often hostile to each other.

The Turkish rulers instead of making any reforms oppressed their subjects adopted no welfare measures, and did not even bother to improve or modernize their military strength. The weak, unworthy Turkish leaders even lacked the power to control internal rebellion or external invasions and as a result, it was regarded as the ‘Sick man of Europe’.

In the Balkan region, a part of the Ottoman empire, lived the Greeks, Romanians, Serbs, Albanians, and others who were Christians by faith and nursed grudges against their Muslim ruler. Sensing the weakness of the Ottoman Empire they started their liberation movements. The expansionist and imperialist powers like Britain, and Russia. Prussia further exposed the economic weakness of Turkey.

Taking advantage of the deplorable condition of Turkey, Russia wanted to push its frontiers into the Ottoman Empire on the pretext of saving the Balkan nationalists. This aggression of Russia was thwarted by Britain, Austria, and France and eventually gave birth to the problem known as the”Eastern Question”.

Ultimately, when Russia captured Moldavia and Wallachia these European powers protested, claiming to maintain the unity of Turkey. But all these great powers of Europe were guided by their selfish motives. As a result of this political situation, war was declared against Russia by England and France in 1854. This war is known as the Crimean War.

Question 35. What were the main features of the “Edict of Emancipation” of Czar Alexander II?
Answer: Russia experienced an autocratic and feudal rule in the middle of the 19th Century.

The society was divided into two –

1. A handful of the aristocrats
2. The peasants of which half were the serfs.

When Czar Alexander II came to power there were about 400 peasant uprisings (during the first six years of his rule) which strengthened the serfs’ demand for freedom. In such a situation Czar Alexander II signed the “Edict of Emancipation” on 19th February 1861.

The ” Edict of Emancipation” or the ” Emancipation Statute ” had the following features

1. The Russian serfs became free and they were no longer tied to their feudal lords under any bondage.
2. They were given the same civil rights as the peasants.
3. The serfs were free to own their property, engage in business, and get married at their own will.
4. A substantial amount of the land of the nobles would be distributed to the peasantry and the serfs would acquire 50% of the land that they used to cultivate for their lords.
5. The Czarist government also gave compensation money to the landlords on behalf of the peasants.
6. The peasants would pay back the money in 49 installments.
7. The installments would be collected by the ‘mirs’ and deposited into the government treasury.
8. Czar Alexander II is regarded as ‘Czar the Liberator’ for abolishing serfdom in Russia.

Question 36. Critically evaluate the ‘Emancipation Statute’ of Czar Alexander 2
Answer: In 1861, Czar Alexander II, signed the ‘Emancipation Statute’ which led to the abolition of serfdom in Russia and earned him the title ‘Czar the Liberator’. Thus the serfs became free and enjoyed all civil rights like the peasants. They were not obligated to their lords anymore, could possess property, get married on their will, and also engage themselves in any business. The serfs got 50% of the land that they used to cultivate for their lords for themselves. The Government paid the money to the landlords on behalf of the serfs.

The serfs were to pay back that money through 49 installments to the government. The land that the serfs received was fixed by the magistrates called Arbiters of Peace. On a general note, it can be stated that the ‘Emancipation Statute’ yielded positive results. The financial condition of the government improved as the prices of land escalated and the revenues collected from the peasants were good.

The agricultural produce increased largely and provided an impetus to the trade. Industrial growth also occurred following the abolition of serfdom and the serfs got employment in the factories and mines. Though the “Emancipation Statute’ was a significant event in the history of Russia bringing in the modern age and rise of capitalism it was not above criticism.

The 360-page draft of the ‘Emancipation Edict’ was too complicated for the masses or the peasants to understand. The Statute failed to improve the condition of the peasants in reality and their hopes and aspirations could not be fulfilled by Czarist rule. This became only possible after the fall of the Czarist rule in Russia.